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Plant-Based Adjunct Therapy for Tuberculosis
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Lydia Gibango, Anna-Mari Reid, Jonathan L. Seaman, Namrita Lall
Patients infected and diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis for the first time have to be treated for six months. These patients are suspected to have drug-susceptible TB strains. For a two-month intensive phase, patients are administered a combined regimen that includes isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and rifampicin. Thereafter, only isoniazid and rifampicin are prescribed for a four-month continuation phase. Effective regimens for patients with resistant strains or previously treated cases are tailored according to the phenotypic profile of the mycobacterial isolates (Sotgiu et al., 2016).
Bacterial, Mycobacterial, and Spirochetal (Nonvenereal) Infections
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Clinical presentation:M. tuberculosis generally affects the lungs but can also attack any part of the body and cause a variety of skin presentations (Figure 6.6). Some of these are rare nowadays due to better treatments and eradication programs. These presentations should always be considered in an increasingly global world with migration routes from endemic countries. Clinical presentations are summarized in Table 6.1.
Tuberculosis
Published in Dinesh Kumar Jain, Homeopathy, 2022
Supporters of Ayurveda, homeopathy, and other nonscientific methods of treatment are actually responsible for many deaths of noneducated citizens specially villagers. Poor people and people from villages take Ayurveda and homeopathy and suffer a lot. Many people die or become disabled. Preventable diseases are spreading dangerously in India. I know many people who were taking Ayurvedic or homeopathic treatment for tuberculosis ultimately died. Many people first take medical treatment for one or two months, then start homeopathy or Ayurveda. Tuberculosis treatment should be taken 6–12 months continuously for complete treatment. Otherwise, the tuberculosis of these patients becomes resistant, and then it is not possible to treat them. Such foolishness is responsible for spreading many diseases like malaria and tuberculosis. “The emergence of drug resistant strains of microorganisms or parasites is promoted by treatments that do not result in cure” (Park, 1997, p. 265).
Case report of a laryngeal tuberculosis during pregnancy – challenges in diagnosis and management
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2023
Julian Pfäffli, Amina Nemmour, Philipp Kohler, Sandro J. Stoeckli
Clinicians play a central role in the management of individuals affected by TB. Primary care is often the first point of contact. Tuberculosis should be suspected in patients with symptoms such as loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, night sweats, weakness, coughing for longer than 3 weeks, chest pain or hemoptysis. In patients with primary laryngeal TB, these symptoms may be less pronounced, rendering the diagnosis even more challenging. While Achkar et al. reported a mean duration of symptoms in pulmonary TB prior to diagnosis of 5–10 weeks, Benwill et al. found in their case series of laryngeal TB a mean duration of 19 weeks [3,7,12]. The patient in our case presented with a duration of symptoms of over 25 weeks. This delay in diagnosis is often accompanied by multiple previous visits to doctors, as seen also in our case.
Advances in the design of combination therapies for the treatment of tuberculosis
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
Jonah Larkins-Ford, Bree B. Aldridge
Since the introduction of antibiotics, tuberculosis (TB) treatment has required months or years to achieve effective disease resolution. Culturable Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB, from patients decreases rapidly during the first few weeks of treatment [1]. However, historically, short-duration therapies (e.g. up to a few months) resulted in patients with disease at the end of treatment and a high percentage of disease relapse [1,2], indicating that there are Mtb that can survive drug treatment to regrow and cause disease once drug treatment ends. Some patients are successfully treated with short treatment times, while others are not. There are currently no diagnostic tests to indicate when enough therapy for a relapse-free cure has been given to an individual patient. Thus, treatment times must be lengthy for all patients to ensure the best possible outcome for most patients. Why are such prolonged treatment regimens required to achieve the durable curing of TB? Decades of research into this question suggest that the answer is partly due to the immune response to TB infection and the resulting disease pathology and partly due to the ability of Mtb to alter its metabolism and physiology to survive changing environmental cues [3].
A patent review of pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications of oxadiazole derivatives for the treatment of chronic diseases (2013–2021)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2022
Abbas Hassan, Abid Hussain Khan, Faiza Saleem, Haseen Ahmad, Khalid Mohammed Khan
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused specifically by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. Tb) which can be easily spread by droplet infection from persons with the pulmonary form of TB. TB is among the 10 most frequent causes of death, and in patients with AIDS, this is the most common cause [76]. Standard therapy consists of five medications with different mechanisms of anti-tuberculosis effect and usually lasts 20 months. Long-term administration of these drug combinations may lead to the development of adverse events and decrease overall patient compliance. Also, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine is the only used vaccine, and it is still in its inception and its efficacy varies from 0% to 80%. For the aforementioned reasons, there is still a need for finding substances that would be effective against multidrug-resistant tuberculosis strains (MDR-TB) as well as latent forms of TB, which can make the therapy more effective [77].