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Africa
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Nutritional and Medicinal Benefits of Ficus carica
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
According to the World Health Organization, only some of the drugs are frequently consumed by human beings to manage helminths. These drugs are recognised as antihelminths which play an essential role in the management of parasitic infections. The antihelminthic activity of alcoholic, water-based, ether, petroleum and chloroform extract of Ficus carica leaves was studied against Pheritima posthuma in contrast with mebendazole as a standard medicine (Patil et al., 2010). This kind of activity is also stated in other varieties of ficus, i.e., Ficus racemosa Linn and Ficus benghalensis Linn (Latha et al., 2008). One of the chemical constituent coumarins has been separated from the alcoholic extract of fig leaves by bioassay-guided isolation, and the segregated coumarin demonstrated the most potent nematicidal activity in opposition to the nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Panagrellus redivivus within three days (Liu et al., 2011).
The Challenge of Parasite Control
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
The techniques used to prevent and treat parasitic infections fall into three broad categories: interventions designed to reduce parasite transmissionuse of anti-parasitic drugsvaccines
Hepatic and Intestinal Trematodes
Published in Max J. Miller, E. J. Love, Parasitic Diseases: Treatment and Control, 2020
A most significant finding has been the studies of prevalence of infection reported by Bunnag et al.5 in Thailand. Using traditional methods of examination of 3-d stool collections after treatment with praziquantel, investigators found a number of parasites previously reported only as incidental and rare infections of man (Table 1).5Haplorchis spp., either pumilio, yokogawai, or taichui, were found in 82 of 451 patients examined. Echinostomes, either E. ilocanum, E. malayanum, or E. revolutum, accounted for 43 infections in the same group of 451 patients. Few of these parasites produce infections with clinical symptomatology that would lead to diagnosis.
Characteristics of participants and decliners from a randomized controlled trial on physical activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective register-based cross-sectional study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2023
T Thomsen, BA Esbensen, ML Hetland, M Aadahl
In Denmark, all hospital contacts, including administrative information, are registered in the Danish NPR by type and contact date. The NPR records primary and secondary diagnoses and treatment procedures using the ICD-10. We extracted information on morbidity as primary and secondary diagnoses. However, as we initially had identified our target population of patients with RA through DANBIO, we excluded the ICD-10 classification codes for RA (M05_0, M05_9, M06_0, M06_9) from 2003 up to 2013, which was the year for commencement of the JR-SB study recruitment. We were interested in the presence of specific diseases in the RA population as suggested by previous research about morbidity in patients with RA (23). Therefore, comorbidity was classified into seven major ICD-10 classification groups of disease: (i) cancer; (ii) endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases; (iii) mental and behavioural disorders; (iv) diseases of the circulatory system; (v) diseases of the respiratory system; (vi) diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue; and (vii) infectious and parasitic diseases. From the NPR, we also extracted information on the number of days of hospital admission from 2003 to 2013 in all patients with RA.
Signal peptide peptidase: a potential therapeutic target for parasitic and viral infections
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2022
Christopher Schwake, Michael Hyon, Athar H. Chishti
The SPP gene has been shown to be essential for malaria parasite growth and its homologues in other parasites thus demonstrating critical and broad essentiality of these proteases as therapeutic targets. Future investigations will likely lead to the development of a repertoire of highly selective and potent inhibitors of parasite and viral SPPs in pre-clinical models including rodents and non-human primates. Current standards of treatment for many neglected parasitic diseases rely on decades old drugs that encounter multiple challenges as outlined in this review. The future of small-molecule inhibitors against parasitic diseases as well as viral targets will be guided by highly selective and potent inhibitors of essential pathogen-derived enzymes including SPP. In the next 5–10 years, the expectation is that novel drug screening strategies will lead the development of several new and safe SPP inhibitors that either alone or in combination will emerge as standard of therapy for multiple parasitic and viral infections.
Keys to Unlock the Enigma of Ocular Toxocariasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Milad Badri, Aida Vafae Eslahi, Meysam Olfatifar, Sahar Dalvand, Elham Houshmand, Amir Abdoli, Hamidreza Majidiani, Ali Eslami, Mohammad Zibaei, Morteza Ghanbari Johkool, Ali Taghipour, Sima Hashemipour
A broad range of zoonotic parasitic diseases are transmitted by animals, especially cats and dogs.1,2 Toxocariasis is an important neglected tropical disease with a worldwide distribution mainly caused by larvae of the Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati, which are intestinal ascarid nematodes of canids and felids, respectively.3–5 It is estimated that 19.0% (95%CI, 16.6–21.4%) of people worldwide is seropositive regarding Toxocara spp. infection.6 The eggs are excreted in the feces and they become infective after passing their incubation period in the soil under the favorable circumstances of humid temperate climate,5,6 which can ensure their survival for up to one year.7 Both definitive and paratenic hosts (chickens, ruminants, pigs, etc.) can be infected via swallowing embryonated eggs in soil or raw vegetables contaminated with the feces of dogs and cats.8,9 Humans also get infected via close contact with contaminated soil or consumption of raw/undercooked meat prepared from tissues of paratenic hosts.10–12 Humans act as an accidental host and larvae do not develop into adult worms. Ingested larvae penetrate the intestinal mucosa and migrate to various organs, such as liver, lungs, heart, brain, eyes, and skeletal muscle.13–15 There are different clinical types of human toxocariasis including visceral larva migrans (VLM), ocular larva migrans (OLM), neurotoxocariasis (NT), and covert toxocariasis (CT).15