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A Pharmacological Appraisal of Antimalarial Plant Species
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Mahwahwatse J. Bapela, Precious B. Ramontja, Mcebisi J. Mabuza
Antimalarial drugs are used to prevent the infection caused by Plasmodium species, treat the disease, eliminate latent parasites and prevent the transmission of malaria. The major purpose of antimalarial treatment in severe malaria is to prevent death, whereas in uncomplicated malaria it is to cure and to avoid the development of severe disease (Conroy et al., 2019). While insecticides are aptly credited for much of the success in reducing the burden of malaria, treatment and prevention with drugs have always been the essential components of all successful malaria elimination programs. Similarly, while many diseases have been eradicated primarily through the use of vaccines, it is very unlikely that malaria could be eradicated with a vaccine alone without the integration of antivector methods and drugs (Molyneux, 2020; The malERA Group, 2017).
Communicable, infectious and parasitic conditions
Published in Jackie Musgrave, Health and Wellbeing for Babies and Children, 2022
Malaria is endemic in 109 countries and it is estimated that there were 219 million cases in 2010 (Williams et al. 2016). Malaria is caused by the plasmodium parasite and can be spread to humans by a single bite from an infected mosquito (NHS 2018). Malaria causes many deaths worldwide. Malaria can make people, especially children and pregnant women, more susceptible to other conditions, therefore preventing and treating malaria can reduce the possibility of other health conditions occurring.
Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Artemisia annua or sweet wormwood, an herb used in Chinese traditional medicine, has been successfully applied to treat malaria in patients resistant to quinine and its derivatives (296). Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite named Plasmodium which is transmitted from an infected female Anopheles mosquito. The discovery of artemisinin, a sesquiterpenoid, isolated from Artemisia annua (leaves and stems) and its derivative, dihydro-artemisinin, has saved millions of lives suffering from dreadful malaria around the world. This discovery is due to a Chinese botanist and professor in pharmacy, Mrs. Tu Youyou, born 1930 in China, who received the 2015 Nobel Prize of Medicine and the 2011 Lasker Award in clinical medicine (297). Additionally, research related to artemisinin has been a hot topic in malaria and other fields such as antiviral and anticancer treatment in the past 15 years (297).
Clinical aspects of malarial retinopathy: a critical review
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Ketan Raymond Nair Brodeur, Anderson Herculano, Karen Oliveira
Some of the complications of severe malaria include severe anemia, metabolic acidosis, respiratory distress, and cerebral malaria, which is considered the most extreme form of severe malaria. While cerebral malaria (CM) is a rare condition affecting less than 1% of malaria cases, it is one of the deadliest complications with a mortality rate of 15–20% of those treated with ACT and an almost 100% fatality rate without treatment. Children under 5 years of age are some of the most vulnerable to cerebral malaria. CM is an incompletely understood complication and the exact pathogenic mechanisms are still unknown. The current understanding of the pathology hypothesizes that infected red blood cells (iRBC) adhere to endothelium cells in the brain and retina where they remain sequestered in the microvasculature. The iRBC are attached to the endothelium mediated by proteins such as Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1 [4]. This can lead to complications including obstruction of blood vessels, reduced perfusion, hypoxia and ischemia, inflammation due to increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, among other immune system agents, and increased brain volume and intracranial pressure [5–7]. Findings further suggest that such an increase in intracranial pressure is associated with brain swelling and are strong predictors of death [5].
Improved radiation expression profiling in blood by sequential application of sensitive and specific gene signatures
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Eliseos J. Mucaki, Ben C. Shirley, Peter K. Rogan
The cumulative incidences of these confounders are not rare, especially influenza which affected approximately 11% of the US population during the 2019–2020 season (11,575 per 100,000; Disease Burden of Influenza 2021). The frequency of dengue fever was also high in the Caribbean (2510 per 100,000), Southeast Asia (2940 per 100,000) and in South Asia (3546 per 100,000; based on cases from 2017 (Zeng et al. 2021)). The annual prevalence of S. aureus bacteremia in the US is 38.2–45.7 per 100,000 person-years (El Atrouni et al. 2009; Rhee et al. 2015), but is higher among specific populations, such as hemodialysis patients. There are between 350,000 and 600,000 cases (200 per 100,000) of deep vein thromboembolism and pulmonary embolism that occur in the US every year (Anderson et al. 1991). Furthermore, there are over 100,000 individuals with sickle cell in the US (33.3 per 100,000; Hassell 2010). Malaria is also common in sub-Saharan Africa in 2018 (21,910 per 100,000; Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization 2020). The prevalence of these diseases makes it clear that they could very well have a severe impact on assessment in a population-scale radiation exposure event.
Evaluating the dual reactivity on SD bioline malaria rapid diagnosis tests as a potential indicator of high parasitemia due to Plasmodium falciparum
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Roman Rodrigue Dongang Nana, Valerie Makoge, Ngum Lesley Ngum, Nathalie Amvongo-Adjia, Vineeta Singh, Roger Moyou Somo
One of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the world is the malaria parasite; especially in vulnerable groups like children under five years of age, where it caused around 272,000 deaths in 2018 [1]. There are five species of Plasmodium responsible for malaria disease in human among which P. falciparum is responsible for most malaria cases globally [2,3]. Management of malaria cases remains an essential component of control strategies involving early diagnosis followed by prompt treatment with recommended antimalarial drugs [4]. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) can detect parasitic antigens present in the blood of infected individuals and their use in malaria endemic countries over the past decade has increased considerably due to the practical ease in their usage [5]. Currently, WHO recognizes mRDTs as a practical and cheap alternative to conventional light microscopy and recommends them for parasitological investigations in areas with limitations in technical expertise [1]. Even though it is best suited for field conditions, there is a growing concern about the limitations of mRDTs; especially for wrong diagnosis [6,7]. Moreover, the fact that these give only qualitative results justifies the need to design mRDTs with semi-quantitative characteristics; especially in localities where microscopy is unavailable.