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Mites
Published in Jerome Goddard, Public Health Entomology, 2022
The main strategy for prevention and control of mites is to identify the offending species and either: (1) eliminate the breeding site/source, or (2) avoid exposure. For example, chigger mites can be avoided by reducing outdoor activity in infested areas during seasonal peaks, or wearing boots and repellents.13 Infestations with scabies can be prevented by limiting exposure to infested persons or animals. If infested, patients can be treated with a variety of drugs or pesticidal creams and lotions.14 House dust mite allergy is managed by immunotherapy using mite extracts and by efforts to minimize the level of dust mites in the patient’s home.
Skin, soft tissue and bone infections
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Scabies is spread by direct contact. Mites do not survive >24 hours away from human skin. Anyone can be affected, but risk factors include elderly people and young children in overcrowded, resource-poor environments.
Candida and parasitic infection: Helminths, trichomoniasis, lice, scabies, and malaria
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
The diagnosis of scabies can be made clinically based on the presence of characteristic burrows or visible mites. Skin scraping can be performed to look for mite or eggs, but treatment should be provided for suspected cases without confirmation of the presence of mites since a typical infection may involve only 10 to 15 female mites (61). In addition to microscopic examination of skin scrapings with oil, skin scrapings can also be submitted for PCR to detect S. scabiei DNA. When using PCR to verify resolution of infection, it is important to wait at least 28 days after the last treatment to allow time for skin to shed with new epithelium developed, since the DNA from dead organisms will persist in the skin until it has been shed (62). Scabies is transmitted by close interpersonal contact, particularly in crowded living conditions. Outbreaks have been identified in nursing homes, hospitals, orphanages, and refugee camps (63). Transmission may occur with sharing of a bed and often occurs among adults via sexual contact. Children may be infected via sharing of beds or direct contact during play. Scabies is not considered to be an indication of potential sexual abuse due to its frequency in non-abused children. Fomites, such as clothing, towels, and sheets, may be involved with spread in some cases, but are not thought to be a major contributor.
Norwegian scabies in HIV/AIDS
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Keerthana Pakanati, Devina Jagota, Michael Ladogana
The patient was awaiting transfer for a dermatology consultation when the infectious disease team noted the photos in the chart and diagnosed the patient with crusted Norwegian scabies (Figure 1. The patient was noted to have nodules on the scrotum, which differentiated the diagnosis from rupioid syphilis.2 Typically, Norwegian scabies is diagnosed by the identification of mites or eggs or microscopic examination using a potassium hydroxide mount of the scrapings.3 The decision was made to admit this patient, as he was unable to care for himself at home due to the severity of his infection. He was admitted with strict contact isolation precautions; the infectious disease team recommended gowns, gloves, face coverings, and shoe coverings when going into the patient’s room. After the diagnosis was made, the emergency room providers and urgent care clinics were notified of the contact exposure. The patient was encouraged to tell his friends as well.
Dermatology for the internist: optimal diagnosis and management of atopic dermatitis
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2021
Shanthi Narla, Jonathan I. Silverberg
The pathognomonic sign of scabies is the burrow- a short, wavy, scaly, grey line on the skin surface. Burrows are often found on hands and feet, particularly in finger web spaces, thenar and hypothenar eminences, and wrists. Scabies is generally characterised by intractable pruritus that is worse at night with lesions affecting finger web spaces, thenar and hypothenar eminences, wrists, buttocks, axillae, abdomen (around the umbilicus), and genitals. Scabies should be considered in any adult with widespread eczema or pruritus of new-onset. In infants and young children, scabies often affects the face, head, neck, scalp, palms, and soles, and there is often generalised skin involvement. In infants, the most common lesions are papules and vesicopustules present on palms and soles. Itching in several family members over the same time period also supports the diagnosis of scabies. Definitive diagnosis relies on microscopic identification of mites or eggs from skin scrapings of a burrow. Even if the diagnosis of scabies cannot be microscopically confirmed, treatment should be empirically initiated if the clinical suspicion is high [55].
Scabies outbreak investigation and treatment in the Sekyere East District, Ghana: A call to end the neglect
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2021
Justice Ofori-Amoah, Sheila Ofori Addai, Oppong Ampratwum, Michael Rockson Adjei, Gideon Asare, Juliana Adu Mensah, Aziz Obeng, Ziblim Natogmah, Justice Thomas Sevugu, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Job Kusi, Francis Gumah, Yaw Ampem Amoako
Scabies is an ectoparasitic infection caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei and spread by person to person contact. It presents various abnormal skin lesions (nodules, pustules, papules, and occasionally urticarial) (Chouela et al., 2002; Moberg et al., 1984), with common manifestation being itching around the infected area. Scabies is considered one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), highly prevalent in developing countries with the most vulnerable being children and the elderly in resource-poor communities (Badiaga et al., 2005).