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Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
Anaphylaxis is a systemic allergic reaction with the potential to be life threatening if not dealt with quickly and appropriately. Typical symptoms include: Acute onset.Dyspnoea, respiratory distress, wheeze.Cyanosis.Tachycardia, hypotension.Urticaria, angioedema, skin changes.Anaphylaxis typically involves more than one symptom in more than one part of the body at the same time.
Anaphylaxis
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
Anaphylaxis is an acute systemic allergic reaction that varies in severity and may be rapidly progressive and can be life threatening. The term “l’anaphylaxie” was first proposed by Portier and Richet in a lecture given in 1902 at the Societé de Biologie in Paris (Portier and 1902). They presented their observations of a dog injected with sea anemone venom. While attempting to confer protective immunization against the toxin, they noted that the dog (called ‘Neptune’) initially tolerated a low dose of anemone venom, but some weeks later died within 25 minutes of an injection of a second same-sized dose of the venom. Immunization in this case resulted not in prophylaxis, but rather an opposite response, hence the Greek-derived term, ‘ana-’ (against) ‘-phylaxis’ (protection). While they did not have a clear understanding of the pathophysiology, Portier and Richet did demonstrate that harmful effects could be induced by immunization, and their description and naming of the phenomenon ‘anaphylaxis’ marked the beginning of the field of allergology (Ring et al. 2014).
Dopamine in the Immune and Hematopoietic Systems
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Allergies are caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment such as pollen, certain food, metals, and other substances. Allergic diseases include allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, allergic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, anaphylaxis, and food or drug allergies. Together, they constitute major diseases involving as much as 22% of the world population [80]. Symptoms include red eyes, itchy rash, sneezing, runny nose, shortness of breath, or swelling. The underlying mechanism involves binding of immunoglobulin E antibodies (IgE) to an allergen and then to an IgE receptor on mast cells or basophils, where they trigger the release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine.
Allergen immunotherapy: progress and future outlook
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Lara Šošić, Marta Paolucci, Stephan Flory, Fadi Jebbawi, Thomas M. Kündig, Pål Johansen
Allergies are a group of conditions caused by the hypersensitivity of the immune system to otherwise innocuous environmental compounds [1]. The allergens are mostly proteins and typically contained in various natural sources, such as plant pollen, animal dander, dust mites, foods, fungi, and insect venoms. Allergies can manifest with a wide range of symptoms in various organs, and the symptoms can be anything from just tedious or annoying to life-threatening. Accordingly, the type of treatment varies from case to case. A majority of all allergy patients are self-treated with symptom-relieving medicines, while allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only causative treatment option. This review will aim to give an overview of the state-of-the-art allergy management, including the use of new biologics and the application of biomarkers and a special emphasis and discussion on current research trends in the field of AIT.
Temporal trends in anaphylaxis ED visits over the last decade and the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on these trends
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Adnan Al Ali, Sofianne Gabrielli, Luca Delli Colli, Marina Delli Colli, Christine McCusker, Ann E Clarke, Judy Morris, Jocelyn Gravel, Rodrick Lim, Edmond S. Chan, Ran D. Goldman, Andrew O’Keefe, Jennifer Gerdts, Derek K. Chu, Julia Upton, Elana Hochstadter, Jocelyn Moisan, Adam Bretholz, Xun Zhang, Jennifer LP Protudjer, Elissa M. Abrams, Elinor Simons, Moshe Ben-Shoshan
Anaphylaxis is a serious and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction[1], [2]. Food is the leading cause of anaphylaxis in childhood (most commonly cow’s milk, hen’s egg, peanut, and tree nut) [3]. Recent studies suggest that although the prevalence of food allergy had increased over time, it has recently plateaued [4,5]. However, it is not clear if such temporal trends are reflected in severe food reactions, as represented by anaphylaxis visits to the Emergency Department (ED). Although few short-term studies from the United States, Canada, and Japan reveal that the proportion of anaphylaxis caused by tree nut has increased significantly over a 5-year period10−13, there are sparse data on the temporal trends of anaphylaxis in general as well as on anaphylaxis triggered by specific culprits.
Chronic diseases and allergies are risk factors predictive of a history of Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS) in distance runners: SAFER study XXIV
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2023
Pieter-Henk Boer, Martin P. Schwellnus, Esmè Jordaan
The second main finding from our study was that a history of allergies was an independent risk factor predictive of a history of MTSS. This finding is similar to what we recently reported for any gradual onset injury in trail runners [23] and distance runners [24]. Again, we cannot show cause-effect, but there are also possible biological mechanisms linking chronic allergies to gradual onset soft tissue and bony injuries. Allergies are characterized by chronic inflammation, and there are epidemiological data in adults and children linking allergies to low bone mineral density and osteoporosis [46,47]. Common medications to treat allergies are corticosteroids and histamine receptor antagonists (antihistamines). Corticosteroids have been associated with the development of myopathy and osteopenia [38,48]. In a recent review, it was concluded that chronic blockade of histamine H1/H2 receptors can lead to impairment of microvascular and mitochondrial adaptations to interval training in humans [49]. Although speculative, this may affect tissue repair following injury. It is clear that the association between chronic diseases and/or allergies and gradual onset injuries such as a history of MTSS require further investigation. However, these associations may be very important for clinicians treating patients with MTSS because it may influence, for example, the rate at which healing may take place following repetitive injury in subgroups of higher risk individuals such as those with chronic diseases or allergies.