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Role of Nutraceuticals in Atopic Dermatitis, Eczema, Allergy in Pregnancy
Published in Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, Yashwant Pathak, Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health, 2019
Meera Ratani, Yasmin Azad, Yashwant Pathak, Priyanka Bhatt
Furthermore, there are two types of allergy:Immediate hypersensitivity: This type of allergy occurs within an hour and is mediated by IgE. When the allergen enters the body, the body mistakes it for a harmful substance and, in the case of immediate hypersensitivity, creates antibodies to fight against the allergen. This is process is known as the sensitization phase of an allergic reaction. Next, in the symptomatic phase, the allergen binds to the IgE located on the mast cell. This “unlocks and opens” the mast cell, which then releases histamines. The histamines trigger the symptoms commonly associated with allergies, such as redness, swelling, and itchiness through vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and nerve end stimulation respectively. Immediate hypersensitivity is linked to rhinitis and food allergy.Delayed hypersensitivity: This type of allergy takes longer (up to 48 hours) to occur, as suggested by its name, and it is mediated by T cells. Delayed hypersensitivity is linked to contact eczema (EAACI n.d.)
Biological Basis of Behavior
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Histamine is a major player in the control of sleep and wakefulness. Histamine is also involved in the regulation of the energetic balance of the body, by regulating glycogenolytic functions. The modulation of neuronal histamine, for instance, by blocking H3 receptors, reduces food intake. Furthermore, histamine exerts some endocrine functions because it influences the secretion of hormones from the pituitary. Blood pressure and body temperature are two further examples of a possible involvement of histamine in centrally regulated physiological processes. Histamine-receptor blockade with drugs such as antipsychotics and tricyclic antidepressants is responsible in part for common side effects of these agents, such as sedation and increased appetite leading to weight gain.
Principles of Treatment for Arthropod Bites, Stings, and Other Exposure
Published in Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard, The Goddard Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance, Seventh Edition, 2019
Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard
It has often been estimated that between 500 and 800 honey bee stings could cause death in humans due to the toxic effects of the venom alone. One author calculated that 1,500 honey bee stings would constitute the median lethal dose for a 75-kg person based on extrapolation from the LD50 of bee venom for mice.1 These direct toxic effects (from honey bees or other social Hymenoptera) would include release of histamine, contraction of smooth muscle, increase in capillary permeability, vasodilation with a resulting drop in blood pressure, destruction of normal tissue barriers, destruction of red blood cells, and pain. Severe cases would probably result in renal failure. Treatment strategies would include symptomatic treatment until the venom effects were diminished. As histamine is a component of bee, wasp, and hornet venoms, and as melittin (found in honey bee venom) causes histamine to be released from cells, administration of antihistamines would be indicated. In addition, therapeutic agents to counteract the ill effects of histamine release (e.g., bronchodilators) would also be helpful.
Profiling plasma levels of thiamine and histamine in Jordanian children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): potential biomarkers for evaluation of ASD therapies and diet
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Ayat Hussein B. Rashaid, Mazin Taha Alqhazo, Shreen Deeb Nusair, James B. Adams, Mahmoud Ahmad Bashtawi, O’la Al-Fawares
Histamine is associated with many neurological disorders including ASD. Antagonism of histamine receptors 1–3 reduced social behaviors in ASD patients and relevant animal models [1]. Histaminergic neurons are within the hypothalamus with diffuse projection in the spinal cord and the brain stem [1]. Histamine mediates neuroinflammation in ASD which increases microglia activation, and reduces connectivity of the frontal basal ganglia circuit leading to language processing abnormalities [1]. Histamine has other roles in cognition, sleep, attention, sensory/motor function, cytokine release/migration, phagocytosis and production of reactive oxygen species [1]. Considering the crucial roles of the selected biomarkers in ASD etiology, our study investigated the plasma levels of thiamine and histamine in children with ASD relative to their levels in age-and gender-matched healthy controls. This is the first study to investigate the potential use of these two biomarkers in ASD, and relate their levels to ASD severity. Monitoring of such biomarkers will provide further understanding of ASD etiology and will serve as a platform for future work toward developing ASD therapies.
House dust mites–driven allergic rhinitis: could its natural history be modified?
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2021
Giorgio Ciprandi, Maria Angela Tosca
AR treatment is built on three cornerstones: HDMs-allergen avoidance (challenging to achieve), drugs (mostly antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids), and allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). Antihistamines promptly relieve ‘irritative’ symptoms, such as itching, sneezing, watery rhinorrhea, and somewhat congestion, associated with histamine release [12]. Intranasal corticosteroids conveniently resolve inflammatory symptoms, such as nasal obstruction, hyposmia, and hyperreactivity [13]. However, AIT is currently the unique disease-modifying treatment, as relieves symptoms, induces immunological tolerance, restoring T regulatory function, reduces the use of rescue medications, guarantees a long-lasting effect after discontinuation, and may prevent new sensitizations and asthma onset [14]. In particular, the advent of a new formulation as tablets (TAIT) has revolutionized the AIT’s concept of moving from a named patient product to a true medication approved by the regulatory authorities. In other words, TAIT should be effectively considered a drug.
Immunohistochemical markers for eosinophilic esophagitis
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2020
Katarzyna Zdanowicz, Magdalena Kucharska, Joanna Reszec, Dariusz Marek Lebensztejn, Urszula Daniluk
Histamine is an important allergic mediator and plays a substantial role in allergic inflammation through its receptors (HRs). Merves et al. found an overexpression of HRs in esophageal mucosa in patients with EoE. Interestingly, the levels of all HRs in both inactive EoE (resolution of histologic inflammation in the second biopsies after dietary or steroid treatments) biopsies and non-EoE biopsies were comparable. In in vitro study, histamine stimulated a granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) secretion by esophageal epithelial cells. Despite histamine involvement in EoE pathogenesis, the systemic histamine H1 receptor antagonists do not cause clinical or histological improvement in patients with EoE. This finding suggests the complexity of the host’s immune response in EoE [27]. More studies on histamine receptor signaling are needed as a potential site for new drugs in EoE treatment.