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Enhanced Case Detection through Clinical and Laboratory Methods
Published in Yamuna Deepani Siriwardana, Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka, 2023
Leishmania donovani are generally accepted as a species transmitted from human to human via the bite of a sandfly. Animal reservoirs that harbour L. donovani are not widely known except for a few reports in the recent past (El-Hassan et al., 1993; Hassan et al., 2009; Jambulingam et al., 2017). Therefore, timely case detection and early treatment with appropriate anti-leishmanials is a main mode of disease control accepted by the WHO (2010). Enhanced clinical suspicion, confirmation through the use of locally appropriate laboratory tools, and timely, accurate, and complete case management with adequate follow-up are key points for success in controlling L. donovani infections in an endemic setting.
Infectious Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Susanna J. Dunachie, Hanif Esmail, Ruth Corrigan, Maria Dudareva
There are more than 20 species of Leishmania that cause disease, including: Leishmania donovani and L. infantum – VLL. braziliensis and L. mexicana – ‘New World’ (American) CLL. tropica and L. major (‘Old World’ CL)
Case 24
Published in Atul B. Mehta, Keith Gomez, Clinical Haematology, 2017
Infection with Leishmania donovani, which is a protozoan, is transmitted by the bite of sandflies, typically from an animal (e.g. dog) reservoir. The reservoir is humans in the Indian form of the disease. Hepatosplenomegaly, sometimes with lymphopenia, is typically seen. Hypergammaglobulinaemia, notably a polyclonal increase in IgM, and a correspondingly raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are other noteworthy features. The peripheral blood film (Figure 24b) showed circulating, reactive plasma cells and rouleaux. Leishman–Donovan bodies are also seen in the bone marrow aspirate (Figure 24c).
Neglected tropical diseases and infectious illnesses: potential targeted peptides employed as hits compounds in drug design
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2021
João Vitor Silva, Soraya da Silva Santos, M. Teresa Machini, Jeanine Giarolla
Primaquine’s therapeutic index profile is improved by molecular modification of the aminoalkyl side chain. Taking this into account, derivatives of 8-aminoquinolines (antimalarial drugs) containing side-chain conjugated to amino acids, dipeptides and pseudodipeptides with antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum strains have been developed. Besides the antimalarial action, these compounds displayed antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani. Analogues containing Arg and Lys residues (compounds 11 and 13 - Figure 4) were active in vivo as blood-schizonticide against P. berghei in infected mice. In addition, compounds 10 and 12 (Figure 4) demonstrated potential antileishmanial action, as well as a broad antifungal activity spectrum, respectively [60].
Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with leishmaniasis reactivation: a potential adverse event to anti-tumour necrosis factor-α therapy
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2019
KB Bukan, A Nardo-Marino, C Hagdrup, M Boennelycke, MF Breinholdt, C Schöllkopf, HV Nielsen, D El Fassi
Bone marrow examination verified ongoing haemophagocytosis (Figure 1A) and, surprisingly, revealed the presence of leishmania amastigotes (Figure 1B). Leishmaniasis serology by immunofluorescence antibody testing was subsequently performed, and was only borderline positive (titre 1:80). VL infection was confirmed by a leishmania-specific real-time TaqMan-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the 18S gene. Species identification, sought by PCR followed by sequencing and blast of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1–2 region, revealed the subtype to be the Leishmania donovani complex. In addition, the patient was found to have Epstein–Barr viraemia. The viraemic load was low (6000 copies/mL). The patient was immunoglobulin M (IgM) negative and IgG positive for EBV by serology. The bone marrow was negative for Epstein–Barr encoding regions (EBER) with in situ hybridization. Four days after initiation of HLH treatment, the patient was no longer febrile, ferritin levels had dropped to 83.7 × 103 µg/L, and the ANC and platelet counts had improved to 0.75 × 109/L and 81 × 109/L, respectively. Unfortunately, a massive retroperitoneal bleed from a lumbar artery arose and, despite intensive care and endovascular coiling, the patient succumbed to multiorgan failure, declining further treatment. Because of his rapid clinical deterioration, neither amphotericin B, which may be effective in VL-induced HLH (VL-HLH) (3), nor rituximab, which may alleviate EBV-HLH (1), was initiated.
Andrographolide engineered gold nanoparticle to overcome drug resistant visceral leishmaniasis
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Suvadra Das, Asim Halder, Saptarshi Mandal, Mohammad Abu Jafar Mazumder, Tanmoy Bera, Arup Mukherjee, Partha Roy
Drug resistant Leishmania donovani cells were developed as per earlier reports from our group [22]. Briefly, resistance was induced in Leishmania donovani AG83 promastigotes by gradual increasing dose of sodium stibogluconate (SSG) or paromomycin (PMM) in medium 199 with additional supplements [24]. Dose escalation of SSG/PMM was continued until viable population reduced to around 20%. The strain generated with 10% viable cell population of initial count was finally cultured on medium 199 agar plates and a single colony from the culture was selected for further experiments. Drug resistant promastigote phenotypes were differentiated into amastigotes after 120 h of culture in MMA/20 medium in acidic environment (pH 5.5) and 5% CO2/air atmosphere maintained at 37 °C.