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Tsetse Flies
Published in Jerome Goddard, Public Health Entomology, 2022
There have been intensive efforts to control tsetse flies with insecticides and traps, which have yielded measurable successes. Since there are no vaccines or prophylactic drugs for African trypanosomiasis, the CDC recommends the following personal protective measures: Wear long-sleeved shirts and pants of medium-weight material in neutral colors that blend with the background environment. Tsetse flies are attracted to bright or dark colors, and they can bite through lightweight clothing.Inspect vehicles before entering. The flies are attracted to the motion and dust from moving vehicles. Avoid bushes. The tsetse fly is less active during the hottest part of the day but will bite if disturbed.Use insect repellent. Permethrin-impregnated clothing and insect repellent have not been proved to be particularly effective against tsetse flies, but they will prevent other insect bites that can cause illness.
Aromatic Medicine
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Sakshi Bajaj, Himangini Bansal
Eucalyptus [Eucalyptus globulus Labill (E. globulus)] belonging to the family of Myrtaceae, is a long evergreen plant with a tallness up to 250 feet. It is known for its constituents like Eucalyptol (cineole), D-limonene, α-pinene, terpinene, alloaromadendrene, p-cymene, α-phellandrene, and carvone (Hillis, 1967). Its oils have been used to control and initiate the different system like nervous system for neuralgia, cerebral pain, and debility. The immune system supports the invulnerability against measles, influenza, cold, and chickenpox. Leucorrhea and cystitis of genitourinary system can likewise be very much treated with it. Throat diseases, cough, catarrh, bronchitis, asthma, and sinusitis related with respiratory system have been dealt with by EOs of this plant. In addition, skin problems like cuts, wounds, burns, herpes, lice, insect repellent, and insect bites can be treated with it.
Overview of Drugs used Against Zika Virus
Published in Venkatesan Jayaprakash, Daniele Castagnolo, Yusuf Özkay, Medicinal Chemistry of Neglected and Tropical Diseases, 2019
Sinem Ilgın, Özlem Atlı Eklioğlu, Begüm Nurpelin Sağlık, Serkan Levent
There are no FDA-approved treatments for ZIKV. However, there are various methods that have been adopted for the prevention of ZIKV infection and, perhaps, the most important of these is the prevention of mosquito bites. Insect repellents are often used by people for this purpose. Repellents do not kill the mosquitoes, but just make it harder for mosquitoes to find the human hosts to bite. Repellents generally consist of the following compounds: DEET (1), picaridin (2) and oil of lemon eucalyptus (3).
In vitro skin irritation assessment using EpiDerm™: applicability for updating toxicity information of oxybenzone and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Ji-Seok Han, Yong-Bum Kim, Heejin Park, Wan-Jung Im, Woo-Jin Kim, Younhee Kim, Joo-Yun Won, Hwa-Young Son, Byoung-Seok Lee
N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (diethyltoluamide, DEET) is broad-spectrum insect repellent against biting flies, biting midges, fleas, and mosquitoes, and commercially available at concentrations of 4–100% in formulations including lotions, gels, and aerosols. According to the Center for Disease and Prevention (CDC), 30–50% DEET is effective against the pathogens carried by insects; although, this depends on the times and mode of administration (CDC 2009). Regarding human exposure of DEET, there have been many reports that it can induce a variety of health effects including neurological, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular system. Furthermore, exposure to DEET can cause skin irritation, desquamation, and dermatitis in humans (Keith et al.2017). The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has reported that 10–30% DEET is safe in children and adults when used as directed and Health Canada banned the sale of insect repellents containing over 30% DEET in a 2002 evaluation (CDC 2007, Health Canada 2009).
Zika virus in American Samoa: challenges to prevention in the context of health disparities and non-communicable disease
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2018
Michaela E. Howells, Christopher D. Lynn, Lesley Jo Weaver, Margaret Langford-Sesepesara, Joseph Tufa
Other recommendations meant to reduce exposure to mosquitoes—e.g. air conditioning and window screens, bed nets, reduced time outdoors, long clothing and insect repellent—are difficult to follow, because people simply lack access to many of these resources. The majority (65%) of our study participants did not have air conditioning and 36% with window screens reported that they were missing or damaged. Participants frequently asked if there was a government programme that fixes or replaces screens to prevent exposure to ZIKV (there was not). Insect repellent is also expensive and not frequently used—only 13% of our sample used it more than once a day, while 49% of participants reported only using it once a month. Only 27% of our study sample reported sleeping under bed nets. Twenty-four per cent reported walking to work as their primary form of transportation, while 37% relied on open-air buses and cars. Utilising buses can increase exposure to mosquitoes because of unpredictable schedules and long waits outside. Informants reported that the constant presence of mosquitoes makes them seem less threatening. Samoans have been around mosquitoes for centuries, they indicated, so they are not ‘bothered’ by them like palagi (white people).
Ocular Exposures Reported to United States Poison Control Centers
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2019
Alisha Kamboj, Henry A. Spiller, Marcel J. Casavant, Thitphalak Chounthirath, Gary A. Smith
The two leading categories associated with ocular exposures were household cleaning substances and cosmetics/personal care products. The high frequency of ocular exposures associated with these chemical products is most likely due to their frequent use and ubiquitous presence in the US households.22–24 Among adults, females accounted for the majority of exposures to these substance categories, which contributed to the female predominance among adult exposures overall. A study of household cleaning product-related injuries among children found that 40% of exposures associated with products stored in spray bottles were to the eyes.22 Household spray bottles are not equipped with child-resistant operating mechanisms. Studies also reveal that the similarity of appearance among products is a contributing factor to the occurrence of chemical eye injuries, especially for cosmetics/personal care products, eye/ear/nose/throat preparations, and adhesives/glues. For example, because both fingernail extension glue and eye drops are contained in 5–10 mL, white, twist cap, plastic dropper bottles, they can be difficult to distinguish, and this similarity in appearance has contributed to ocular injuries, especially among the elder population.4,25 Pesticides, including insect repellents with DEET, were another substance category commonly associated with ocular exposures. The frequent use of insect repellents is likely an important contributing factor, with almost 30% of individuals in the US using insect repellants with DEET. Symptoms associated with DEET-containing pesticides usually result from ocular or inhalational exposure.26