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The endocrine system
Published in Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella, Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella
A complication that is more likely to occur in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The Somogyi effect is an episode of rebound hyperglycemia that can occur after a period of hypoglycemia. Such hypoglycemia may occur after a patient with diabetes injects insulin. When hypoglycemia occurs, hormones such as cortisol, growth hormones and glucagon stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, which now raises blood glucose. Diabetic patients will also often ingest glucose in order to counter their hypoglycemia, which further raises their blood glucose. The dose and timing of insulin injection may need to be adjusted in diabetic patients who experience Somogyi effect.
Precision medicine in diabetes mellitus
Published in Debmalya Barh, Precision Medicine in Cancers and Non-Communicable Diseases, 2018
Sandhiya Selvarajan, Akila Srinivasan, Nishanthi Anandabaskar, Sadishkumar Kamalanathan, Melvin George
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disorder contributing to 5%–10% of the cases of diabetes worldwide (Maahs et al., 2010). It is associated with destruction of pancreatic beta cells resulting in decreased insulin secretion and with course of time this condition progresses to a state of comprehensive insulin deficiency (Gillespie, 2006). Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a genetic disorder and has been found to be associated with nearly 20 human leukocyte antigens (HLA). The first HLA to be identified as the major contributor to the occurrence of familial type 1 diabetes mellitus was found to be located in chromosome 6. The key HLA found to be associated with the prediction of occurrence of type 1 diabetes mellitus are DR4-DQ8, DR3-DQ2 and DR15-DQ (Pociot and McDermott, 2002). On the contrary, it has been found that the presence of HLA like DR15-DQ6 haplotype is highly protective against development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (Price et al., 2001).
Tropical infections and infestations
Published in Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie, Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie
Initial routine blood and urine tests confirm that the patient has type 1 diabetes mellitus. This is known as fibro- calculous pancreatic diabetes, a label that is aptly descriptive of the typical pathological changes. Serum amylase is usually normal; in an acute exacerbation, it may be elevated. A plain abdominal radiograph shows typical pancreatic calcification in the form of discrete stones in the duct (Figure6.34). Ultrasound and CT scanning of the pancreas confirm the diagnosis. An ERCP, as an investigation, should only be done when the procedure is also being considered as a therapeutic manoeuvre for removal of ductal stones in the pancreatic head by papillotomy.
Melatonin attenuates diabetes-induced oxidative stress in spleen and suppression of splenocyte proliferation in laboratory mice
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Sangita Sutradhar, Anindita Deb, Shiv Shankar Singh
The imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and antioxidants system results in oxidative stress in an organism. The excessive production of ROS caused damages of membrane lipids, DNA, and proteins and induced apoptosis of the cell (Su et al. 2019). Oxidative damages lead to a vast number of diseases such as atherosclerosis, inflammatory response, hypertension, heart diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes, etc. (Liguori et al. 2018). Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease where the immune system has been directed to destroy the pancreatic β-cells, which secrets insulin. Diabetes is the most prevalent disease affecting the majority of the population across the world. In diabetes, high circulating glucose leads to many health complications and affects many organ & organ systems. Prolonged maintenance of hyperglycaemic conditions accelerates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby promoting oxidative stress (Ullah et al. 2016). Reports suggested that hyperglycaemic effects mainly occur due to oxidative stress (Das and Sil 2012, Kayama et al. 2015). Persistence of a high level of blood glucose in human beings caused malfunction of the immune system (Geerlings and Hopelman 1999).
SMILES-based QSAR and molecular docking study of xanthone derivatives as α-glucosidase inhibitors
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2022
Shahin Ahmadi, Zohreh Moradi, Ashwani Kumar, Ali Almasirad
The number of prediabetic cases and spread of diabetes has been steadily growing all over the world. The WHO Global Health Estimates indicate that 425 million people were living with diabetes in 2017, which is expected to rise to 629 million by 2045 [1]. This disease is fueled by obesity, urban living, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating, and a rapid change in the nutrition transition. The diabetes mellitus is categorized into two main classes: types 1 and 2. The first category, type 1 diabetes mellitus, is the metabolic disorder and distinguished by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defect in insulin secretion due to destruction of pancreatic cells by immune system while type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated impaired secretion of insulin as well as insulin resistance. Diabetes can result in microvascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease [2].
Measuring Quality of Life in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes at a Diabetes Camp
Published in Comprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing, 2021
Sidney N. Smith, Vicki L. Moran
Living with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D) significantly impacts every part of an individual’s life. Optimal glycemic control requires frequent blood glucose checks, insulin adjustments, endocrinology appointments, and sometimes the use of bulky medical devices for blood glucose monitoring and insulin delivery. Over time, diabetes knowledge has expanded as has the availability of medical technology involved in diabetes management. Advancements in care, however, have led to more intensive insulin regimens (Reynolds & Helgeson, 2011). The intensity of effective diabetes management is particularly challenging during the period of adolescence as adolescents must navigate diabetes management in conjunction with significant physical, cognitive, and psychosocial growth (Chen et al., 2017). Research found adolescents living with T1D find it “difficult, demanding, and never-ending” (Santiprabhob et al., 2008). Diabetes management requires constant monitoring and adjusting and adolescents with T1D find themselves juggling diabetes management in conjunction with other development tasks.