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Autoimmune Diseases and a Multidisciplinary Approach to Cancer
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Contemporary and common management alternatives for autoimmune disorders include NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), analgesics and glucocorticoids (Konforte et al., 2012), though, in the current era, medicinal immunosuppression and biological mediators have also been demonstrated to be useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases (Alexander et al., 2015). There is inadequate knowledge regarding the causative factors of various autoimmune disorders. Hence, the recent clinically significant treatment is based on the symptomatic treatment and regulation of disease to decrease the number of relapsing incidents (Loma & Heyman, 2011; Mavragani & Moutsopoulos, 2014; Pickup, 2012) till the identification of efficiently targeted treatments. An example is the insulin application for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus to preserve the homeostasis of blood glucose (Aletaha, 2002; Loma & Heyman, 2011; Mavragani & Moutsopoulos, 2014) or the utilisation of saliva and tear substitutions as the principal treatment for the patients of Sjogren's syndrome, accompanied by complementary drugs to manage extra complications. IFN-β (interferon beta) is also extensively utilised in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (Hegen et al., 2015), though these biological medicines are only beneficial in a few patients (Targan, 2006).
Order Tolivirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Zampieri et al. (2020) used the plant expression to produce the infectious TBSV virions displaying a peptide associated with rheumatoid arthritis, in parallel with the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) VLPs displaying a peptide associated with another autoimmune disease, namely type 1 diabetes mellitus, as described in Chapter 27. In both cases, the prevention of autoimmune diseases was demonstrated in animal models.
Autoimmune disorders
Published in Judy Bothamley, Maureen Boyle, Medical Conditions Affecting Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2020
The pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to autoimmune diseases are unknown but a combination of environmental, genetic and host factors need to be present to trigger the full expression of the disease. The incidence varies between populations, with one recent review indicating the highest prevalence among Afro-Caribbean women in the UK (Danchenko, et al., 2006).
Effects of age, sex, serostatus, and underlying comorbidities on humoral response post-SARS-CoV-2 Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccination: a systematic review
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2022
Kin Israel Notarte, Abbygail Therese Ver, Jacqueline Veronica Velasco, Adriel Pastrana, Jesus Alfonso Catahay, Gian Luca Salvagno, Eric Peng Huat Yap, Luis Martinez-Sobrido, Jordi B. Torrelles, Giuseppe Lippi, Brandon Michael Henry
An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune system response that mistakenly attacks healthy cells, tissues, and organs. This immune malfunction can affect any part of the body, weakening bodily function that can be potentially fatal [75]. The cornerstone to management of autoimmune disorders is the use of immunosuppressive therapies. However, various immunosuppressive treatments can impact vaccine-induced immunogenicity [76]. For instance, Gallo et al. reported that the geometric mean IgG titer of patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) treated with ocrelizumab is 97% lower than healthy participants [35]. However, this study is limited by the small number of tested patients and the inability to assess their cell-mediated and innate immune responses. Larger studies exploring the response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in pwMS treated with anti-CD20 drugs (e.g. rituximab) and other high efficacy disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are necessary to confirm and expand these preliminary data.
Prospects for CAR T cell immunotherapy in autoimmune diseases: clues from Lupus
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Marko Radic, Indira Neeli, Tony Marion
Approximately one in 14 people will, sometime during their lifetime, experience one of the known autoimmune disorders [1]. Autoimmunity arises in myriad ways and results in strikingly different pathologies. Dozens of clinical diagnoses for autoimmune disorders are possible and include familiar ones, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type I diabetes, psoriasis, and immune vasculitis, as well as dozens of less frequent autoimmune diseases or syndromes [2]. The defining signs of many autoimmune diseases give clues to the targets of autoimmunity. Autoimmune reactivity thus defines many of the most characteristic features of autoimmune disorders. Destruction of islet cells in the pancreas leads to the insulin insufficiency of diabetes [3], the attack on myelin sheaths of neurons results in the neuropathology of multiple sclerosis [4], and the destruction of cartilage and bone contorts articular joints in rheumatoid arthritis [5]. Mechanisms of autoimmunity may involve the sudden appearance of autoantibodies, the activation of self-reactive cytotoxic T cells, the induction of self-sustaining, chronic inflammation, or a combination of contributing factors that overlap at different stages of pathogenesis in these disorders [6]. Manifestations of each autoimmune disease may be further modified by intrinsic factors or environmental contributions [2].
Post COVID-19 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Optic Neuritis
Published in Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2022
Daniela Ximena Rojas-Correa, José Alberto Reche-Sainz, Alfredo Insausti-García, Cristina Calleja-García, Manuel Ferro-Osuna
Additional disorders with neuro-ophthalmological implications have been related to typical COVID-19 infection including Fisher syndrome; Guillain-Barré syndrome, Kawasaki disease, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome; and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD).1,5,9 They represent para-infectious or post-infectious autoimmune disorders, which could be triggered by virus infection, since SARS-CoV-2 can induce dysregulation of the immune system. The exact aetiology of autoimmune diseases remains unclear, but it is assumed that there is a genetic predisposition and environmental triggers, such as infections. There are viruses with known immuno-pathogenicity, such as parvovirus B19, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes virus 6, human T-lymphotrophic virus, hepatitis A and C virus and rubella virus.8 These viruses have the ability to trigger an autoimmune response through molecular mimicry and bystander mechanism activation (autoreactive immune T cells).2,10 Structurally similar viral antigens from SARS-CoV-2 may have incited a host immune response against endogenous MOG in our patient.9 When circulating MOG antibodies enter the central nervous system (CNS) through disruption of the blood-brain barrier, pathology is mediated by T cells and activated complement, producing various clinical disorders, such as optic neuritis, transverse myelitis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM).2