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Neurologic disorders in pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Robert Burger, Terry Rolan, David Lardizabal, Upinder Dhand, Aarti Sarwal, Pradeep Sahota
Relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS): The most common type of MS accounting for up to 60% of patients. RRMS patients have discrete attacks of neurologic dysfunction (relapses or exacerbations) lasting weeks to a few months. Recovery from relapses may be incomplete and patients may accumulate increasing disability over time. Patients tend to have relative stability of disease between relapses.
Neurology
Published in Kristen Davies, Shadaba Ahmed, Core Conditions for Medical and Surgical Finals, 2020
The aetiology of MS remains unclear but there are a number of risk factors, such as Epstein–Barr virus infection, smoking, female gender and geographical location. There is a genetic component to MS, with an increased relative risk in offspring of affected parents compared to the general population.
Multiple Sclerosis, Transverse Myelitis, Tropical Spastic Paraparesis, Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy, Lyme Disease
Published in Jacques Corcos, Gilles Karsenty, Thomas Kessler, David Ginsberg, Essentials of the Adult Neurogenic Bladder, 2020
Michele Fascelli, Howard B. Goldman
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) causing disabling neurologic deficits. Disease manifestations result from axon demyelination and differ depending on the location of the CNS involvement (Figure 12.1). Cerebral lesions cause cognitive, sensory, and motor impairment, with or without epilepsy and focal cortical deficits.1–3 Optic nerve lesions lead to painful loss of vision, whereas cerebellum and brainstem lesions present with tremor, ataxia, vertigo, and impaired speech and swallowing. Spinal cord involvement alters motor, sensory, and autonomic function, often including bowel, bladder, and erectile dysfunction.1,2,4 Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis (oligoclonal bands), visually evoked potentials, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).5
Lack of association between TNFA and TNFB polymorphisms and the risk of multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis from 37 studies
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2022
Jiebing Gu, Jing Sun, Yingyu Zhang, Xiaoshuang Wang, Lingling Fu, Linfang Li, Di Wang, Xiuting Wang, Le Yu, Xuemei Han
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, includes three patterns of progression: relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), and secondary progressive MS (SPMS) [1]. The prevalence rate of MS has increased by about 15% since 2013, with an estimated 2.8 million cases globally in 2020 and about 0.8 million in the United States [2,3]. Previously, several independent factors have been recognized as triggers of MS, such as tobacco smoking, Epstein–Barr virus infection, and geographic variation [4,5]. Besides these factors, genetic factors have been demonstrated to increase the risk of MS even though it is not considered a hereditary disease [5]. For instance, an identical twin of an affected individual had a 6 times higher risk of developing MS than that of a non-identical twin [6,7]. Parents who were affected the disease had a 10 times higher risk in their children than that of the general population [5].
Effects of equine-assisted therapy on the functionality of individuals with disabilities: systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Alessandra Prieto, Kênnea Martins almeida Ayupe, Latife Nemetala Gomes, Ana Cristina Saúde, Paulo Gutierres Filho
Riding a horse may have primary effects on some body functions described by ICF, such as exercise tolerance, joint function mobility and muscle power function (World Health Organization, 2001), considering the demand imposed on the individuals. In this review, two studies mentioned the effects of EAT on exercise tolerance in individuals with multiple sclerosis and identified a significant improvement of these individuals (Moraes et al., 2020; Vermöhlen et al., 2017). During these studies, the control groups did not perform any additional intervention; therefore, the positive result may have occurred as a result of increased intervention in the EAT group (Moraes et al., 2020; Vermöhlen et al., 2017). Exercise tolerance, a function of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, is important for everyday tasks, such as taking care of oneself, studying and working (Lennon et al., 2015). These studies shows that EAT may be effective for improving exercise tolerance in individuals with limited mobility such as patients with multiple sclerosis, with high confidence in its positive effect (Moraes et al., 2020; Vermöhlen et al., 2017). Further studies are needed in order to examine the effects of EAT on this outcome in others health conditions and to correlate its results with social participation.
Galangin ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice via modulation of cellular immunity
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2021
Kok-Tong Tan, Shiming Li, Lauren Panny, Chi-Chien Lin, Shih-Chao Lin
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease where central nervous system (CNS) nerve cells are damaged due to a chronic inflammation that leads to of nerve fiber demyelination. MS patients, typically between ages 20 and 40, present with various neurologic disabilities that can impact vision, muscle function, sensation, and coordination (Reich et al. 2018). The precise pathogenesis of MS is not clear, but studies suggest that intrinsic (e.g. genetic) and environmental (e.g. viral infection) factors could contribute to its onset (Kadowaki and Quintana 2020). Specific MS effectors include, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci (such as HLA-DRB1 on chromosome 6), viral infections, or Vitamin D deficiency (Amirzargar et al. 1998; Sintzel et al. 2018; Tarlinton et al. 2020). Regardless of the risk factors that initiate the onset of MS, the disease progression is always mediated and enhanced by aberrant immune responses in the CNS.