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Cancer
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Several plausible mechanisms can explain adiposity-related cancer risk. Excess body fat is associated with insulin resistance, resulting in elevated levels of insulin and increased bioavailable insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) (Giovannucci, 2018; World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research, 2018). Insulin and IGF-1 activate signaling pathways that promote growth and proliferation of cancer cells and inhibit apoptosis (i.e., programmed cell death) (Smith et al., 2018). Excess adiposity can increase release of signaling proteins from adipose tissue that stimulate growth of cancer cells; and it can promote chronic low-grade systemic inflammation that leads to DNA-damaging oxidative stress, heightened local inflammation, and cancer development (Iyengar et al., 2016; Smith et al., 2018). Furthermore, adipose tissue is the primary site of estrogen production in postmenopausal women. Greater adiposity increases bioavailable estrogen, increasing risk of endometrial and postmenopausal breast cancers (Smith et al., 2018; World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research, 2018). Overweight and obesity may also affect cancer risk through altered immune responses, obesity-linked changes in the gut microbiome, and various organ-specific effects (World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research, 2018).
Metabolic Effects of Exercise on Childhood Obesity
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Kristi B. Adamo, Taniya S. Nagpal, Danilo F. DaSilva
The prevalence of obesity continues to increase and is recognized as a global epidemic (17). Broadly defined, obesity is characterized as excess adiposity and is most commonly classified as having a body mass index (BMI) ≥30.0 kg/m2 (17). More recently, BMI has been criticized as an inappropriate measure of obesity, as it does not accurately measure the percentage of adiposity (82). However, using BMI classification remains the most accessible surrogate measurement of excess adiposity at the population level, and therefore epidemiological studies have relied mostly on the ≥30.0 kg/m2 BMI cut-off to measure and report the global prevalence of obesity for all age groups (4, 50). In addition, for children and adolescents obesity is measured as BMI above the 95th percentile (curves generated from the 1963–1965 and 1966–1970 National Health and Nutrition Surveys) (99).
Overcoming Sedentary Behavior
Published in James M. Rippe, Increasing Physical Activity, 2020
Limited evidence supports a relationship between sedentary behavior and weight status (4, 5). The studies that are available in this area showed considerable variations among results. With regard to adiposity, once again studies are quite heterogeneous, allowing only limited support for the concept that sedentary behavior is associated with adiposity.
Adipose tissue provides a cushioning effect in low-energy isolated blunt thoracic trauma: a prospective observational study
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2023
Talha Dogruyol, Sinem Dogruyol
Adiposity is a patient-dependent factor that affects morbidity and mortality in patients with trauma [17]. In the literature, BMI has been evaluated to determine body adiposity [18,19]. In a previous study, the critical care process after trauma was examined and compared between high-BMI and low-BMI patient groups [16]. These studies aimed to determine the systemic effect of adipose tissue in the body on the healing process. The specific body adiposity at the region of the trauma was not evaluated. Different from previous studies, we assessed the direct effect of body adiposity on TRI development after trauma. A low-BMI was associated with an increased TRI rate in our study. TRI development frequency, which we regarded as a poor clinical outcome, was high in the low-BMI subgroup but not in the high-BMI subgroup, in contrast to a previous report [20].
Medical journey of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity: a cross-sectional survey of patients and primary care physicians
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2023
Katherine Sherif, Jamie Coborn, Anthony Hoovler, Lisa Gill
As front-line care providers, PCPs may ultimately improve patient outcomes by diagnosing and intervening earlier in PCOS and obesity treatment as PCOS and obesity are drivers of related metabolic comorbidities. Patients with PCOS often have obesity and other features of metabolic syndrome, such as insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia [10,28]. Abdominal adiposity is the key driver in most pathways of metabolic syndrome [16]. Lifestyle modification to reduce visceral adiposity is seen as the primary mechanism to treat metabolic syndrome [16]. NAFLD is another adiposity-based chronic disease associated with metabolic syndrome [29]. PCOS and obesity are both independently associated with an increased risk of NAFLD [30]. Like PCOS, NAFLD is associated with poor cardiometabolic outcomes later in life which highlight the importance of early diagnosis and intervention [31].
Obesity and adiposity of 3- to 6-year-old children born to mothers with hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy in an urban South African setting
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2021
Larske M. Soepnel, Veronique Nicolaou, Christine Slater, Glory Chidumwa, Naomi S. Levitt, Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch, Shane A. Norris
A number of recent studies exploring adiposity, as opposed to BMI or overweight status alone, found a positive association with HFDP (Chandler-Laney et al. 2012; Zhao et al. 2016; Kaseva et al. 2018; Kearney et al. 2018; Lowe et al. 2018). This was mirrored in our results by the significant unadjusted association between DIP-exposure and childhood FMI. Exposure may thus impact fat rather than lean mass, increasing adiposity ahead of a detectable difference in weight or BMI (Chandler-Laney et al. 2012; Lowe et al. 2018). This has particular clinical relevance because adiposity is associated with increased metabolic risk (Shah et al. 2014), potentially contributing to the rise in early onset of metabolic conditions, including Type 2 diabetes (Jensen and Dabelea 2018; Twig et al. 2020).