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Nutrition and Metabolic Factors
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
Because some athletes in sports such as American football, rugby, and throwing events, and in the heavier classes for boxing, judo, and weightlifting, may range from 100–160 kg (220–353 lb), much thought must go into achieving these large body masses to ensure that LBM gains are optimized, and fat gains minimized. It should be noted that the planning should include not only physical training, but nutritional strategies as well. While increases in LBM may be the goal of a number of athletes, several considerations should be taken into account. First, it should be noted that well-trained athletes will almost always gain some fat while increasing LBM (74–76). Moreover, researchers have shown substantial gains in body mass are almost always accompanied by an increased body fat percentage (75). This may be further exacerbated if diets containing more fat calories are used for a longer period (25, 59, 220) even if the number of kcal stays consist. Thus, it would be prudent when one is gaining body mass to keep the fat content of food eaten to under 30% of total calories and ingest a relatively greater amount of unsaturated fats (70–80% of total fat intake).
Exercise testing in obesity
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume II – Exercise and Clinical Testing, 2022
David Broom, Matthew Capehorn, Anna Myers
There are a number of different methods for measuring obesity-related outcomes, each with strengths and limitations. The most common is body mass index (BMI) due its ease of calculation from height and body mass. Other measures include waist circumference to measure central obesity, which is more indicative of greater risk of non-communicable disease than total body fat percentage.
Applications of Fenugreek in Sports Nutrition
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Colin Wilborn, Aditya Bhaskaran
An increase in lean body mass is known to contribute to strength and power development in athletes (Barbieri et al. 2017; Kavvoura et al. 2018; Zaras et al. 2020). The relationship between muscle architectural characteristics, such as muscle thickness and strength, power and athletic performance is known (Stasinaki et al. 2019; Zaras et al. 2016). Furthermore, the body fat percentage was strongly correlated with power output in Division I male hockey players (Potteiger et al. 2010), elite male and female elite wrestlers (Vardar et al. 2007) and Division III women’s volleyball players (Boldt et al. 2011). The correlation between power output and performance of athletes is also reported (Abe et al. 2011). Therefore, the increase in lean muscle mass and decrease in body fat percentage is highly desirable to increase the performance. In addition, the training method implemented by an athlete has a great impact on the amount of lean muscle mass and amount of body fat of the athlete. An increase in body fat, without a concomitant increase in lean muscle mass, may decrease acceleration, power and jumping ability in athletes (Jeukendrup and Gleeson 2004, 2010).
Beyond weight: associations between 24-hour movement behaviors, cardiometabolic and cognitive health in adolescents with and without obesity
Published in Child and Adolescent Obesity, 2023
Erin K Howie, Connie Lamm, Marilou D. Shreve, Aaron R. Caldwell, Matthew S. Ganio
The current study adds to the literature using FMD measures in adolescents by including both device-based 24-hr movement behaviors and cognitive performance measures. Both obese and non-obese participants were included for a range of bodyweight and cardiometabolic profiles. However, these findings need to be repeated in a larger sample as several participants had incomplete measures. These non-compliance issues have been evident in previous studies of adolescents in a non-clinical community sample (Howie and Straker 2016). Future studies may trial field-based measures of cardiometabolic health. However, field measurements of body composition may compromise validity. As a result of the small sample, adjustments for multiple comparisons and robust fitting of regression models to include additional confounders were not made. With a larger sample size, compositional data analysis approaches may be used to understand the related activity behaviours within a 24-hr time period, as physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep are inherently non-independent. (Pedišić 2014) In the current study, 5 participants who were classified as normal weight based on BMI z-score cutoffs were classified as obese from DXA results (Taylor et al. 2003). More detailed measures of body composition, such as body fat percentage, may be needed to better understand the effects of body composition on health. More sensitive body fat percentage measures can be used to inform adolescents and parents who may assume they are not at increased risk of health problems due to normal BMI status but are at additional risk from increased adiposity.
Dietary Risk Factors and Odds of Colorectal Adenoma in Malaysia: A Case Control Study
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Razinah Sharif, Nur Mahirah Amani Mohammad, Yau Jia Xin, Nor Hidayah Abdul Hamid, Suzana Shahar, Raja Affendi Raja Ali
Our study reported that high body fat percentage was positively associated with risk of CRA. This result was supported by a systematic review and meta-analysis on adult weight gain and CRA which revealed that the summary OR was 1.39 for CRA occurrence and with each 5 kg weight gain the odds increased by 7% (53). High body fat percentage may stimulate inflammatory response in the body, which can promote the development of colorectal cancer (54). Our study also reported that high energy and high fat intake were associated with higher risk of CRA. According to a case-control study by Sun et al. (2012), high-calorie intake associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer [Adjusted OR = 1.56 (95% CI= 1.21–2.01)] (p < 0.05) (55). This might be due to our westernized diet that has been reflected in nutrition transition in Malaysia. Additionally, excessive energy intake and low energy expenditure may lead to excess body weight.
Feasibility of smartphone application- and social media-based intervention on college students’ health outcomes: A pilot randomized trial
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Decreased weight and body fat percentage, but not cardiovascular fitness, were observed within both groups. These observations, while not supporting our second hypothesis, demonstrated majority agreement with our first hypothesis and other recent randomized mHealth app studies conducted among college students.18,19 It is encouraging that inclusion in either intervention may have aided participants in weight and body fat percentage reduction. Weight reductions of approximately 5 kg have been observed to lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 7 mmHg and 5 mmHg, respectively,52 decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases commonly associated with overweight/obesity.7 Relatedly, body fat percentage reductions to healthy levels for an individual’s sex and age have been cited as important to reduce the likelihood of developing metabolic diseases such as diabetes, among other conditions/diseases.7 Weight gain and body fat percentage increases have also been found to track from adolescence to young adulthood and onward,53–55 with college students having been shown to gain up to 4 kg of body weight within their first two years of college.56 Thus, low-burden, scalable, and practical interventions which are well integrated into the lives of the current generation, such as the theoretically-based technology-delivered PA intervention we implemented, may be efficacious in the attenuation or reversal of unfavorable weight and body fat percentage trajectories among this population.