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Role of technology in athlete assessment
Published in Nima Dehghansai, Ross A. Pinder, Joe Baker, Talent Development in Paralympic Sport: Researcher and practitioner perspectives, 2023
Sonja de Groot, Barry Mason, Riemer Vegter, David Haydon
Body composition can also be more or less important in certain sports and is related to health. For example, in most rolling sports it is favourable to have a low fat mass since it leads to a lower rolling resistance and, therefore, better performance (van der Woude et al., 2001). However, a fat mass that is too low can have a negative effect on health so the body composition should be monitored carefully.
Exercise testing in obesity
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume II – Exercise and Clinical Testing, 2022
David Broom, Matthew Capehorn, Anna Myers
A variety of body composition measurement techniques can be used ranging from easily accessible methods such as bioelectrical impedance and skinfold thickness (see Surface Anthropometry chapter) to more sophisticated measures such as magnetic resonance imaging or dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (see Use of DEXA chapter).
Medications
Published in Henry J. Woodford, Essential Geriatrics, 2022
Generally speaking, older people absorb medications similarly to younger people. The main differences in pharmacokinetics occur with drug distribution and elimination. The concentration of albumin in our blood does not change significantly with ageing. Therefore, protein binding is not usually altered. Body composition does change. Older individuals have a higher proportion of body fat and a lower proportion of body water compared to younger people (see page 6). This affects the volume of distribution (Vd) of drugs (i.e. the theoretical volume of fluid that would account for the observed plasma concentration). It is increased for lipophilic drugs and reduced for hydrophilic ones. Sarcopenia can reduce Vd for drugs that bind to muscle. As the half-life of a drug is proportional to its Vd divided by clearance, a larger Vd can increase a drug's half-life. An example of a drug class with a longer half-life for this reason is benzodiazepines.24 Similarly, reduced clearance may have an additional effect.
Association of anthropometric and body composition parameters with the presence of hypertension in the Central European population: results from KardioVize 2030 study
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2023
Robert Prosecky, Sarka Kunzova, Petra Kovacovicova, Maria Skladana, Pavel Homolka, Ondrej Sochor, Peter Kruzliak, Laura Kate Gadanec, Ladislav Soukup, Jan Novak
Body composition is a reflection of our lifestyle, and it is affected by the diseases we have suffered or by the diseases that we are currently suffering. In conjunction, it also predisposes us to the development of other pathologies and comorbidities, thus determining the future course of our life. Hypertension represents a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and defining novel strategies to predict hypertension development and potential therapeutic targets is of the highest importance. Within our study, we have confirmed several known associations of various anthropometric and bioimpedance measures of obesity (defined as the presence of accessory fat, i.e. BMI, WC or %BF) and their association with hypertension incidence. The novelty of our study shows evidence that not only %BF but also ICW is associated with increased hypertension occurrence.
The Effects of Zinc and Selenium Supplementation on Body Composition and Thyroid Function in Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
Antonis Zavros, Christoforos D. Giannaki, George Aphamis, Zoe Roupa, Eleni Andreou
Regarding the effects of Zn supplementation on the body composition of individuals with overweight or obesity, this systematic review has shown that the evidence that supports its use is moderate. The categorization of the evidence as moderate, was based on some inconsistency that was found across the studies. (44)Inconsistent results were also found in a systematic review regarding the effects of Zn supplementation on children’s body composition (44). The previous review also revealed that most of the studies where a significant effect of Zn supplementation on body composition was detected lasted longer than six months of Zn (44). However, in the present systematic review, the studies where an improvement of body composition was observed lasted one to four months (Table 1). In fact, only one of the studies included in this article was longer than four months but did not use Zn supplementation as an intervention (45). There is a need for conducting more randomized controlled trials, with more extended periods of follow-up (>4 months), to make any safe conclusions about the time needed and the efficacy of Zn supplementation on the body composition of individuals with overweight or obesity.
Associations between meeting exercise guidelines, physical fitness, and health in people with spinal cord injury
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
Dirk Hoevenaars, Jasmijn F. M. Holla, Karin Postma, Lucas H. V. van der Woude, Thomas W. J. Janssen, Sonja de Groot
The purpose of this study was to estimate the proportion of Dutch wheelchair users with SCI meeting different SCI exercise guidelines, which demographic and lesion characteristics are associated with meeting these guidelines, and whether meeting these guidelines is associated with better physical fitness and health. Results showed that only 29% of Dutch wheelchair users with SCI meet SCI-specific exercise recommendations if strength exercise is taken into account. When strength training is not taken into account, 63% meet either the MG or TW guidelines for aerobic exercise. When adjusted for demographic and lesion characteristics, a strong association was found between aerobic exercise activity levels and beneficial outcomes on physical fitness, with more strenuous guidelines showing better outcomes on exercise capacity. Additional benefits were found regarding body composition in more strenuous aerobic exercise activity levels, and therefore possibly health. These results clearly show the importance of regular exercise and that the SCI-specific exercise guidelines partly achieve what they were designed for.