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Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity, Lipoprotein Disorders and other Metabolic Diseases
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Body weight is determined by genetic, environmental, cultural and psychosocial factors. Obesity is a condition in which excess body fat accumulates, such that health may be affected. In healthy adult men of average weight, body fat = 15–20% and for women = 25–30% of total body weight. It is difficult to measure body fat directly, so the body mass index (BMI) is usually used as an indirect measure.
Hunger Always Wins
Published in Joel Michael Reynolds, Christine Wieseler, The Disability Bioethics Reader, 2022
Unfortunately, eugenic thinking informs anti-fat discourse today. Much as early twentieth-century medical experts warned that the population was experiencing a decline in health because of ever-growing numbers of “defectives” (i.e., disabled people, homosexuals, poor people, and racial and ethnic minorities), contemporary medical authorities stoke fears about an alleged “obesity epidemic” that, they say, necessitates urgent societal intervention. Granted, people in wealthy countries have become heavier since the middle of the twentieth century; but this increase leveled off two decades ago (Brown 2015, 12). Nor is it clear that the shift is a bad thing. Americans have also become taller (Kolata 2007, 209; Brown 2015, 12); yet health authorities do not issue panicked warnings about an epidemic of excessive height. A wide variety of factors have been cited by researchers as possible reasons for population-wide increases in body weight: increased availability of nutritious food; lower rates of smoking; widespread use of SSRIs; environmental toxins; lower rates of childhood disease; an aging population; and epigenetic factors that are not yet understood (Kolata 2007, 209, 221–222; Brown 2015, 12–14). Since several of these factors reflect positive changes, some researchers have proposed that the so-called obesity epidemic may in fact be “a good thing” (Kolata 2007, 209).
Physical Activity and the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer
Published in James M. Rippe, Increasing Physical Activity, 2020
With regard to the cancer survivors, the American Cancer Society makes the following recommendations: Avoid inactivity and return to normal daily activities as soon as possible following diagnosis.Aim to exercise at least 150 minutes per week.Include strength training exercises at least two days per week.Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight by eliminating consumption of high calorie foods and beverages and increasing physical activity to promote weight loss if necessary.A summary of recommendations from various organizations with regard to physical activity and cancer patients may be found in Table 4.1.
Factors associated with frequent physical activity among United States adults with asthma
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2023
Moreover, studies have found that physical activity reduces the risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus by maintaining a healthy body weight (36,37). Frequent physical activity can help minimize the risks associated with being overweight or obese. Another study by He et al. reported that being overweight or obese was related to mobility problems (e.g. physical difficulties). Engaging in regular or light physical activity would lower the risk of developing mobility problems (38). Frequent physical activity has also been associated with a reduced risk of declining physical health, regardless of ability to maintain ideal body weight or other factors (e.g. age, race, sex, socioeconomic status, smoking, alcohol use) (39). Thus, maintaining a healthy body weight is vital for good health, preventing functional limitations, and reporting frequent physical activity.
Current methods for developing predictive energy equations in maintenance dialysis are imprecise
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Alainn Bailey, Rebecca Brody, Joachim Sackey, J. Scott Parrott, Emily Peters, Laura Byham-Gray
All of the parent studies implemented similar data collection protocols. Demographic data were collected from individuals and medical records, and clinical/anthropometric data were collected on a non-dialysis day. Body weight was measured in pounds or kilograms. Height was assessed, without shoes, using a stadiometer. IC was conducted using a metabolic cart (Cosmed Quark RMR®, Rome, Italy). Participants were asked to refrain from vigorous physical activity and fast for 12 h before IC. If a 12 h fast was not achievable, a minimum fast of 4 h was requested. Fasting was implemented to minimise the effects of fluid accumulation on both weight and body composition. IC took place in the morning, in a comfortable room. Patients were recumbent, still, and awake for a minimum of twenty minutes. A plastic canopy was placed over the participant’s head to capture inspired and expired gas. The measurement was conducted for at least twenty minutes, and an abbreviated 5 min was documented at steady-state, with a variation coefficient of <10% [28]. Data utilised in this study included mREE, age, race, ethnicity, sex, dialysis vintage, weight, height, BMI, and clinical measurements (CRP, albumin).
A brief whole-body vibration intervention to avoid weight gain in college students: A randomized controlled pilot trial
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Kerri M. Winters-Stone, Mary E. Medysky, Sydnee Stoyles, Lauren Bumgarner, Kara Witzke
A variety of strategies have previously been evaluated to prevent weight gain in college students, ranging from daily monitoring of body weight,11 the use of modest dietary and physical activity strategies,11,12 to educational/behavioral interventions.13,14 Although healthy weight loss practices have been associated with lower rates of weight gain, the rate of weight change in the treatment groups did not differ significantly from controls.11,13 Developing weight gain prevention programs that require minimal time, effort and cost and are easily integrated into the environment of college life might be more feasible and sustainable than commercial diet programs and heavy exercise or programs introduced to reverse weight gain. College may offer an ideal setting for introducing weight gain prevention programs because students may have increased access to resources, are in a homogeneous social environment and can be targeted in larger numbers, however, relatively few randomized trials have specifically focused on weight loss interventions in the college setting.15