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Meeting personal needs: hydration and nutrition
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Dietary supplements may need to be prescribed by a doctor. For some people, there may be an underlying medical problem affecting their nutrition, which needs to be treated. In some instances, weight gain, as experienced by Phillip, can be caused by an underlying medical condition, for example, an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism).
Congestive Heart Failure
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Dietary and lifestyle changes are indicated, as well as medications, devices, and for many patients, percutaneous coronary interventions, or surgery. Treatments are individualized in response to the causative factor, symptoms, medication response, and adverse effects of medications. Patients and caregivers must be educated about drug adherence, exacerbations, and linking causes to effects, such as dietary salt with weight gain or HF symptoms. Multidisciplinary teams are proven to improve outcomes and reduce hospitalizations, especially for the most severe cases of HF. Sodium restriction helps reduce fluid retention. Salt should not be used while cooking or added to cooked foods. Foods that are high in salt before preparation should be avoided. For severe HF, sodium is limited to less than 2 g/day by eating only low-sodium foods. Morning weight, measured daily, helps detect early accumulation of sodium and water. When weight increases more than 2 kg over several days, the patient can adjust the dose of diuretics. If weight gain continues or symptoms develop, the patient must consult a physician.
Environment and health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Tristi Brownett, Joanne Cairns
Obesogenic environments describe places that promote weight gain by encouraging the intake of calories and discouraging physical activity (Government Office for Science, 2007). These may be built environments where there is a wide choice of accessible, calorie-rich, convenience foods available through shops, markets, home deliveries, fast-food outlets and restaurants. They may also be the ‘food deserts’ that are found in socio-economically deprived areas, both urban and rural, where there are fewer options and a reliance on cheaper, high fat/sugar/calorie foods (Cummins and Macintyre, 2002). An obesogenic environment is also one that creates both real and perceived barriers to physical activity. Foster and Giles-Corti (2008) show how the interconnection of the physical/built environment, the social environment and individual factors can deter activity. For example, poor street lighting may deter people from going jogging due to their fears about personal safety. Weight gain is a key risk factor for diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and type 2 diabetes.
Fat mass, weight and body shape changes at menopause – causes and consequences: a narrative review
Published in Climacteric, 2023
A. Fenton, C. Smart, L. Goldschmidt, V. Price, J. Scott
Research has studied many of the risk factors for age-related weight gain but is inconclusive as to the role of lifestyle differences in food intake and diet [3]. Increasing consumption of energy-dense, processed foods has tracked along with the global rise in obesity. Heredity has an important influence, with a greater effect on weight than on height [3]. A range of medical, hormonal and medication-related triggers for weight gain have been described. Depression is associated with obesity but the relative roles of the disorder itself and the medication can be challenging to unravel. Insomnia, which may start early in life, has an important impact on weight. Hormonal disorders such as hypothyroidism are associated with weight gain and others including hyperandrogenism, Cushing’s syndrome and Prader–Willi syndrome are frequently associated with the classic central weight gain we see at menopause [3]. Medical conditions associated with inactivity as well as social and economic factors also play a part [3]. A role for the gut microbiome is becoming increasingly apparent [4].
Health behavior changes associated with weight gain among first-year international students studying at an American university
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Chen Du, Nachuan Luo, Linmeng Wu, Suzannah Gadd, Xinyi Zhang, Robin M. Tucker
It is well established that first-year university students are at high risk of weight gain.1–3 First-year university students gain approximately 1.8 kg (4.0 lbs) of weight, on average,3 and this weight is predominantly fat mass.4 This weight gain continues throughout the university experience.1 Previously identified risk factors for weight gain include: poor diet, insufficient exercise, low baseline physical activity, elevated baseline weight and adiposity, disordered eating, increased psychological stress, and insufficient sleep.3,5–9 While changes in body composition and the associated risk factors have been well documented among American students,1–3,5–8 little is known about the health behaviors and outcomes of first year international students (FYIS) studying in the United States (U.S.).
Improvement of body composition in 8- to 11-year-old schoolboys: effects of a 6-months lifestyle intervention A retrospective evaluation of the “EDDY-Kids” prevention study
Published in Child and Adolescent Obesity, 2022
Paula Moliterno, Julia Matjazic, Kurt Widhalm
Childhood obesity as excessive fat accumulation can lead to physical, social, or emotional health problems. Children with overweight or obesity are much more likely to suffer from asthma, diabetes, high blood pressure, skeletal disorders, mental health problems, and other illnesses in adulthood (Llewellyn et al. 2016). Excessive weight gain during childhood is a complex phenomenon involving multiple risk factors, including genetics, behavior, and obesogenic environment, leading to overweight and obesity (Kohut et al. 2019). The two main modifiable factors contributing to weight gain are the increased consumption of energy-rich foods with high fat and sugar content and decreased physical activity (Beaglehole et al. 2011). Therefore, approaches to increasing physical activity and healthy eating have been identified as efficient means to prevent excessive weight gain during childhood (Fornari et al. 2021), evidence supports school-based interventions’ effectiveness (Wang et al. 2015).