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Functional Rehabilitation
Published in James Crossley, Functional Exercise and Rehabilitation, 2021
The thoracic spine is distinguished by its 12 ribs, attaching either side of 12 thoracic vertebrae (see Figure 7.35). Each rib attaches to its vertebrae at two points, the costovertebral and costotransverse joints. The rib circles around the body and attaches anteriorly to the sternum via the costal cartilage. The function of the ribs is to protect the vital organs – the heart, lungs, kidneys and liver – from traumatic injury.
Nutraceuticals for Bone Health in Pregnancy
Published in Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, Yashwant Pathak, Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health, 2019
Bone is a composite of stringy collagen strands, which can be compared to the steel rebar in concrete, and a stronger solidified, mineralized core, which contains a higher content of calcium, again in a similar way to concrete. However, bone is a living tissue that, although it may look inactive at first glance, is persistently breaking down and reforming new bone so that it remains adapted to mechanical burdens and stresses. The human body made up of 206 bones and other connective tissues called tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. Bones are connected to each other by ligaments whereas tendons connect bones to muscles, and cartilage furnishes bones with greater flexibility and acts as a cushion in the joints between bones. The skeleton gives protection and structural support for all the other organ systems in the body. The skull, or cranium, protects the eyes, ears, and brain. The ribs help to form a cage that surrounds and protects the lungs and heart. In addition to this, red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets are synthesized in bone marrow. Bones also contain a complex network of canals, blood vessels, and nerves that provide storage for minerals, such as calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium, allowing nutrient transport and contact with other organ systems (Mine & Shahidi 2005).
A to Z Entries
Published in Clare E. Milner, Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
The basic structure of a rib consists of two ends and a flattened body or shaft. The vertebral end is known as the head and articulates with the body of a thoracic vertebra. The rib tubercle, located anterior to the neck of the rib, has an articular facet that articulates with the vertebral transverse process. The anterior end of the rib articulates with the sternum via its own costal cartilage (true ribs), or indirectly via the costal cartilage of the rib above (false ribs). The floating ribs do not articulate with any bony structure anteriorly. The ribs increase in length from the first to the seventh; their length then decreases from the seventh to the twelfth. The body of the rib is grooved where the intercostal muscles of the thorax attach. Ribs are highly vascularized bones and consist mainly of cancellous bone inside a thin layer of compact bone. The first and second pairs of ribs are somewhat different in structure that the third through tenth pairs. The flattened body of the first two pairs is oriented transversely, whereas the remaining pairs are oriented vertically. The angle (curve) of the first two pairs is also much sharper. The floating ribs also differ in structure from the typical ribs because they are much shorter, almost straight and do not articulate with the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae.
Methodology to geometrically age human body models to average and subject-specific anthropometrics, demonstrated using a small stature female model assessed in a side impact
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
M. A. Corrales, J. Bolte, S. Malcolm, B. Pipkorn, D. S. Cronin
The increase in thoracic spine kyphosis with age has been quantified using angles at the apex of the thoracic kyphosis (Drzał-Grabiec et al. 2013) (130 females, 60-90YO and 130 females 20-25YO), whereas the lumbar curvature did not change with age. Similarly, a cervical spine posture predictor (CSP) was developed from 177 seated subjects (18 to 74 YO) for a driving position (Reed and Jones 2017). The cervical spine lordosis was reported to increase with age, and that it increased more in females than in males. Within the thorax, the change in rib geometry with age (Holcombe et al. 2016, 2017a, 2017b) has been described using 20,627 ribs (507 female and 535 male subjects) in a rib shape predictor (RSP) considering sex, age, weight, and stature. At the whole-body level, a Full Body Predictor (FBP) was developed (Park et al. 2016) based on 90 subjects measured in a driving position. A set of equations were developed to predict the location of the tragion, eyeball, C7-T1 joint, T12-L1 joint, pelvis and inferior extremities as a function of age, stature, and sex.
Abusive head trauma in India: imaging raises the curtain
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2022
Hima Pendharkar, Shumyla Jabeen, Nupur Pruthi, K. V. L. N Narasinga Rao, Dhaval Shukla, Nitish Kamble, Kavita V. Jangam, John Vijay Sagar Kommu, Thennarasu Kandavel, Senthil Amudhan
Spinal ligamentous injuries are also known to occur in AHT (Kadom et al., 2014; A. Kemp et al., 2014 ). Additionally, spinal SDH has also been noted in cases of AHT (Choudhary et al., 2012; 2014). In our study, spinal MRI was available in only one child (though not a dedicated study), and CT spine in two of them. As a part of the workup for AHT, ACR recommends a skeletal survey for children suspected of AHT. It is to look for associated injuries such as rib fractures and metaphyseal fractures. Though chest X-rays were available in 29/48 (60.5%) of our patients, a skeletal survey was available in only 7/48 (14.5%) cases. Rib fractures were noted in two cases. As is known, the rib fractures affect the lower thoracic ribs and the most common site of fractures is near the costovertebral junction and along the lateral margin (Shekdar, 2016). Rib fractures have very high specificity for abusive trauma and are often the key to diagnosing AHT. One of our case had a tibial shaft fracture and another child had a radial fracture.
Relapsing polychondritis: state-of-the-art review with three case presentations
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2021
Bogna Grygiel-Górniak, Hamza Tariq, Jacob Mitchell, Azad Mohammed, Włodzimierz Samborski
Methotrexate was changed to mycophenolate mofetil (1 g BID). In 2015, she had a flare-up and was hospitalized once again in the Rheumatology Clinic. She was treated with methylprednisolone (500 mg i.v. during three consultive day), intravenous immunoglobulins (dose adjusted to body mass), and mycophenolate mofetil (1 g BID). The patient did not report for a scheduled hospitalization in January 2016. She discontinued mycophenolate mofetil and reduced the dose of GCS until complete cessation. In May 2016, the nasal structures collapsed. Three months later, she reported increased arthralgia, pain in the anterior ribs’ attachment to the sternum, muscle weakness of hands and legs, and dizziness. Laboratory results showed that CRP was elevated to 237 g/l, and oral prednisone was reintroduced to a dose of 40 mg/day with gradual improvement.