China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Other Asphyxial Deaths
Published in Sudhir K. Gupta, Forensic Pathology of Asphyxial Deaths, 2022
A 25-year-old man was working under heavy machinery, a portion of which suddenly collapsed over him (Figure 6.54). Rescue attempts were made by his co-workers, but by the time they rushed him to the hospital, he died. Postmortem examination was carried out at AIIMS, New Delhi, and it revealed intense congestion and petechiae over the face, including the bilateral conjunctivae, the neck and the front of upper chest and shoulders (Figure 6.55). The lower line of demarcation was not very clearly identifiable over the trunk, but it reached up to the level of fourth rib. Rib fractures and underlying lung injuries were also present. This was a case of a combination of blunt trauma to chest resulting in hemorrhage along with the compression of chest causing traumatic asphyxia.
Injuries in Children
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
Rib fractures are rare in the children, and their presence will be associated with severe underlying chest injury. If they occur in children under 12 months of age, the possibility of NAI needs to be considered as well as osteogenesis imperfecta or rickets. A first rib or posterior rib fracture is highly suspicious of child abuse. If a rib fracture is detected, the emergency physician should be alerted to the possibility of associated injuries such as pneumothorax, haemothorax or major vascular injury. Multiple rib fractures are a marker of severe injury and are associated with high mortality rates. The management of rib fractures is supportive. The goal is to provide oxygenation and pain relief in order to prevent atelectasis and secondary pneumonia.
Functional Rehabilitation
Published in James Crossley, Functional Exercise and Rehabilitation, 2021
The thoracic spine is distinguished by its 12 ribs, attaching either side of 12 thoracic vertebrae (see Figure 7.35). Each rib attaches to its vertebrae at two points, the costovertebral and costotransverse joints. The rib circles around the body and attaches anteriorly to the sternum via the costal cartilage. The function of the ribs is to protect the vital organs – the heart, lungs, kidneys and liver – from traumatic injury.
Intra and inter observer agreement in the mobility assessment of the upper thoracic costovertebral joints
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
Michael Cibulka, Justin Buck, Bria Busta, Erika Neil, Drake Smith, Reece Triller
The result of this study, using the AC statistic, showed that the assessment of costovertebral mobility using P/A springing of the ribs is a reliable method for both between (inter) and within (intra) raters. Many of the skills that physical therapists learn rely on refining their manual or palpatory skills. This is especially important when assessing costovertebral (rib) mobility in patients with upper thoracic/lower cervical pain, thoracic outlet syndrome, or costochondritis. In a previous reliability study performed of observer agreement using rib palpation to assess costovertebral joint mobility, Heiderscheit and Boissonnault (2008) did not describe how they graded costovertebral mobility, nor was there any description of what defined the difference between abnormal rib mobility; hyper, hypo, or normal. An important part of achieving good observer agreement is to learn how to properly assess and differentiate grades of rib mobility. We believe the use of a model, in this case palpating different parts of the face, improved our reliability of assessing rib mobility. Moreover, using an experienced therapist instead of a student might have yielded even better results.
Methodology to geometrically age human body models to average and subject-specific anthropometrics, demonstrated using a small stature female model assessed in a side impact
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
M. A. Corrales, J. Bolte, S. Malcolm, B. Pipkorn, D. S. Cronin
The increase in thoracic spine kyphosis with age has been quantified using angles at the apex of the thoracic kyphosis (Drzał-Grabiec et al. 2013) (130 females, 60-90YO and 130 females 20-25YO), whereas the lumbar curvature did not change with age. Similarly, a cervical spine posture predictor (CSP) was developed from 177 seated subjects (18 to 74 YO) for a driving position (Reed and Jones 2017). The cervical spine lordosis was reported to increase with age, and that it increased more in females than in males. Within the thorax, the change in rib geometry with age (Holcombe et al. 2016, 2017a, 2017b) has been described using 20,627 ribs (507 female and 535 male subjects) in a rib shape predictor (RSP) considering sex, age, weight, and stature. At the whole-body level, a Full Body Predictor (FBP) was developed (Park et al. 2016) based on 90 subjects measured in a driving position. A set of equations were developed to predict the location of the tragion, eyeball, C7-T1 joint, T12-L1 joint, pelvis and inferior extremities as a function of age, stature, and sex.
Abusive head trauma in India: imaging raises the curtain
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2022
Hima Pendharkar, Shumyla Jabeen, Nupur Pruthi, K. V. L. N Narasinga Rao, Dhaval Shukla, Nitish Kamble, Kavita V. Jangam, John Vijay Sagar Kommu, Thennarasu Kandavel, Senthil Amudhan
Spinal ligamentous injuries are also known to occur in AHT (Kadom et al., 2014; A. Kemp et al., 2014 ). Additionally, spinal SDH has also been noted in cases of AHT (Choudhary et al., 2012; 2014). In our study, spinal MRI was available in only one child (though not a dedicated study), and CT spine in two of them. As a part of the workup for AHT, ACR recommends a skeletal survey for children suspected of AHT. It is to look for associated injuries such as rib fractures and metaphyseal fractures. Though chest X-rays were available in 29/48 (60.5%) of our patients, a skeletal survey was available in only 7/48 (14.5%) cases. Rib fractures were noted in two cases. As is known, the rib fractures affect the lower thoracic ribs and the most common site of fractures is near the costovertebral junction and along the lateral margin (Shekdar, 2016). Rib fractures have very high specificity for abusive trauma and are often the key to diagnosing AHT. One of our case had a tibial shaft fracture and another child had a radial fracture.