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Flavor Development during Cocoa Roasting
Published in Hii Ching Lik, Borém Flávio Meira, Drying and Roasting of Cocoa and Coffee, 2019
The main biogenic amines found in cocoa and chocolate are 2-phenylethylamine, tyramine, tryptamine, serotonin, dopamine and histamine. 2-Phenylethylamine is an endogenous trace amine that occurs naturally in the brain of many mammalian species including humans. Tyramine, 2-phenylethylamine and tryptamine have been considered as the initiators of hypertension and dietary-induced migraines. Serotonin is an essential neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor and plays an important role in the regulation of anger, appetite, body temperature, blood pressure, mood, sexuality and sleep. Dopamine is an endogenous catecholamine that determines many physiological functions, including behavior, nerve conduction, hormone synthesis and secretion, blood pressure and kidney function regulation.
Arsenals of Pharmacotherapeutically Active Proteins and Peptides: Old Wine in a New Bottle
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Swati Gokul Talele, Tatiana G. Volova, A. K. Haghi, Biologically Active Natural Products, 2020
Tryptophan is precursor of amino acid for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). Serotonin is responsible for appetitive, emotional, motor, cognitive, and autonomic behaviors. Serotonin is also involved in the neuroendocrine function and circadian clock rhythm. It also functions as precursor of melatonin, which possess sedative and hypnotic properties [31, 32]. Tryptophan is also involved synthesis of molecules like niacin, tryptamine, and kynurenine. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are tyrosine derivatives. These tyrosine derivatives are neurotransmitters mediating various function of the nervous system [33]. The structures of various amino acid derivatives are shown in Figure 2.16.
Evaluation of Food and Food Contaminants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
A proper balance of bacteria supports not only many aspects of physical health, but also mental health. The “gut–brain axis” depends on the health of the flora residing in the gastrointestinal tract. As much as 95% of serotonin, for instance, is synthesized in the gut through the bacterial conversion of the essential amino acid l-tryptophan.
Physical exercise is tied to emotion-related impulsivity: insights from correlational analyses in healthy humans
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Florian Javelle, Anke Vogel, Sylvain Laborde, Max Oberste, Matthew Watson, Philipp Zimmer
Literature suggests that physical exercise and impulsivity have common biomarkers. Indeed, impulsive behaviour has been associated with serotonergic dysfunction in animals (Evenden, 1999; Fairbanks, Melega, Jorgensen, Kaplan, & McGuire, 2001) and human models (Brown et al., 1982; Carver et al., 2011). Moreover, dopamine (the main catecholamine) is involved in the modulation of emotional and reward responses, behaviour, and cognitive functions (Robbins, 2005) and is therefore considered to influence impulsivity. Physical activity, in particular physical exercise, leads to the synthesis and release of serotonin, both acutely and chronically (Melancon et al., 2014; Strüder & Weicker, 2001). Furthermore, it creates a sharp increase in dopamine concentration, especially in the nigrostriatal pathway (Di Liegro et al., 2019). Research has also shown that regular physical exercise leads to better executive control (Diamond, 2013), which in turn promotes greater inhibitory control (Diamond, 2013; Sofis et al., 2017) and reduces impulsivity (Carver & Johnson, 2018). Finally, research also suggests that high levels of impulsivity might be related to chronic inflammation (Gassen et al., 2019; Sutin et al., 2012). Considering that the anti-inflammatory effects of physical exercise have been shown in multiple populations (Joisten et al., 2021; Nunes et al., 2019), inflammation may also represent another common biomarker between physical exercise and impulsivity explaining the linkage between these two variables.
Effects of mento-physical exercises on mental fatigue of shift work
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Vahideh Mohammadi Nezhad, Hamideh Razavi, Mahdi Mohammadi Nezhad
The present study’s findings confirmed that mental recovery was improved by active rest in the experimental group. Mental fatigue decreased 2.92 times more in the experimental group compared to the control group because the sub-criteria of aggression, comfort and happiness improved by 83.3, 43.1 and 45.51%, respectively. On the other hand, the participants in the control group reported no change in the mentioned sub-criteria. One possible interpretation for these results may be the release of endorphins or hormones of happiness in response to sports activity [54]. Exercise affects serotonin secretion significantly [55], and, consequently, serotonin modifies the human mood [56]. Nonetheless, there was a decrease in the concentration level after rest (86.7%), which might be due to arousal and temporary distraction caused by exercising. Besides, the physical fatigue in the mento-physical exercise group decreased by 76.37%, which is 2.84 times the control group.
Fatigue: Is it all neurochemistry?
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2018
The neurons responsible for the release of serotonin are located along the midline of the brainstem. They are clustered in the raphe nuclei from where they innervate nearly every region of the central nervous system (Frazer & Hensler, 1994; Roelands & Meeusen, 2010). Two enzymatic steps are required in the synthesis of serotonin. First, the amino acid precursor tryptophan is hydroxylized by tryptophan hydroxylase to l-5-hydroxytriptophan, and second, it is decarboxylated to serotonin (Roelands & Meeusen, 2010). Metabolization occurs via aldehyde dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) (Meeusen & De Meirleir, 1995). Increases in serotonin are presumed to play an important role in various behavioural functions, such as increased feelings of tiredness, fatigue and pain, and decreases in the level of arousal (Davis & Bailey, 1997).