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Drugs for Treatment of Neurological and Psychological Conditions
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
Sertraline was introduced in 1992, under the brand name Zoloft as a product of Pfizer. Paroxetine (Paxil) was introduced by GlaxoSmithKline in 1993. They have similar mechanisms of action and scope of use to fluoxetine. In addition to their use as antidepressants, the SSRI have also been used for treatment of anxiety disorders, including panic, post-traumatic stress, obsessive–compulsive, and social phobia disorders. Scheme 17.7 gives the structures of these SSRIs.
Evaluation of Water and Its Contaminants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
SSRI drugs such as Prozac artificially prevent serotonin nerves (as well as dopamine and norepinephrine nerves) from reabsorbing, recycling, reusing, and therefore storing serotonin for future use (and this affects dopamine and norepinephrine recycling as well), thus providing a temporary increase in the level and activity of the neurotransmitter in the synapse. However, the action of these drugs is ultimately serotonin-depleting because of the “reuptake inhibition” action.
Centella asiatica L. Urban protects against morphological aberrations induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in rat’s hippocampus via attenuation of oxidative stress
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Saravanan Jagadeesan, Samaila Musa Chiroma, Mohamad Aris Mohd Moklas, Mohamad Taufik Hidayat Baharuldin, Che Norma Mat Taib, Zulkhairi Amom, Thirupathirao Vishnumukkala, Warren Thomas, Onesimus Mahdi
The current drug treatment for depression is based on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI’s), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCA’s). These treatments have significantly contributed to enhancing the quality of life of individuals with depression, but they are not without their limitations. The current medications do not produce a uniform response among patients, it takes weeks for their effects to be observed and many treatments have significant side effects [16]. The concurrent use of multiple drugs complicates the problems through complex interactions and in particular gives rise to uncertainty regarding their safe use in pregnancy [17]. Fluoxetine is a commonly used antidepressant, and as an SSRI, it inhibits the serotonin transporters at the synaptic cleft. Though in wide use, fluoxetine has side effects including fatigue, weight gain, and sexual dysfunction [18,19]. Thus, though there is a wide range of medications available for the treatment of depression, none of them are universally effective or without side effects. Consequently, there is a need for new therapeutic agents with lesser side effects and broader efficacy [20]. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to consider the critical physiological processes that contribute to stress and depression.
Analytical and ecotoxicological studies on degradation of fluoxetine and fluvoxamine by potassium ferrate
Published in Environmental Technology, 2019
Przemysław Drzewicz, Agata Drobniewska, Katarzyna Sikorska, Grzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki
Antidepressants are the broad group of pharmaceuticals used to treat the symptoms of depression, anxiety and bulimia [2]. Patients usually continue treatment over long period of time. These compounds are flushed to environment via human sewage systems. Antidepressants are persistent and thus their concentrations increase with time in the environment [2]. These pharmaceuticals have biological activity at a low concentration [2]. It is well-known that antidepressants alter behavior and mood of animals (e.g. by reducing their anxiety level and/or increasing aggression) [3]. However, unlike in humans, those pharmaceuticals may also alter the animal body at the molecular level (DNA, hormones) [3]. Fluoxetine (FLU), the first and mostly known selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is one of the most widely used antidepressant worldwide (it is the active ingredient of ProzacTM) [3]. SSRI works by increasing the activity of serotonin in the brain, a chemical responsible for giving people a sense of happiness [2]. Fluvoxamine (FLX) was the first SSRI introduced to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder [2]. Due to their high sales volume, SSRI has been detected in sewage at concentrations up to several µg/L [4]. Moreover, due to their resistance to biodegradation in wastewater treatment plants and further photodegradation in environment, they have been detected in freshwaters and in fish tissues from effluent-dominated water bodies [2].