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Automated Chatbots for Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Al Assistance
Published in Utpal Chakraborty, Amit Banerjee, Jayanta Kumar Saha, Niloy Sarkar, Chinmay Chakraborty, Artificial Intelligence and the Fourth Industrial Revolution, 2022
Vamsidhar Enireddy, C. Karthikeyan, J. Ramkumar
During pregnancy, women should not consume antidepressants, especially in the first three months, since these may cause side effects and can have some influence on the fetus. Women should take care that during pregnancy they consume enough folic acid and supplements so that the required levels can be maintained because deficiency in these may have an influence on the fetus. Couple age is also a reason for ASD. Giving birth to a child at a late age increases the chances of ASD in the child. Issues after birth, such as neonatal iron deficiency and a baby born with less weight, can also cause ASD [8].
Drugs for Treatment of Neurological and Psychological Conditions
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
The lifetime prevalence of depression in the United States is around 15%. Depression is a major factor in both disability and health-care costs worldwide. There are a few physiological features that seem to be associated with depression, including enlargement of the pituitary and adrenal glands and increased cortisol levels, suggesting the involvement of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. These effects are believed to be caused by an increased level of corticotrophin-releasing factor, which is involved in the stress response (see Section 15.2). So far however, no drugs have been developed based on these relationships. The currently available antidepressant drugs are targeted to the monoamine neurotransmitters. Their effects are to increase the levels of noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin. The amino acid neurotransmitters, glutamate, and GABA have also been the subject of studies searching for relationships to depression, but there are no antidepressant drugs that are thought to act directly on glutamate or GABA receptors.13 One feature of most antidepressant drugs is that the beneficial effects are not immediate, but rather require several weeks of treatment before improvement is noted. Most also have at least some undesirable side effects.
Psychopharmacology in Aviation
Published in Carrie H. Kennedy, Gary G. Kay, Aeromedical Psychology, 2013
Bradford C. Ashley, Gary G. Kay
Historically MDD has been managed with a combination of psychotherapy and medication. The first medications developed were those based upon the monoamine hypothesis of depression. These early medications include monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). These are effective treatments for MDD, however, their side-effects render them unsuitable as maintenance therapy for depressed aviators. In the past, pilots would be diagnosed with depression, prescribed one of these medications, and treated for a fixed period of time. Once it was determined that the MDD episode was in full remission, the medication was discontinued, and then, after several months the pilot was eventually re-evaluated and if found to be free of depression was issued a medical certificate. This process often took years. During this time the pilot was not able to perform their occupation or enjoy general aviation flying. As a result, pilots often flew while depressed, self-medicated with non-efficacious “remedies,” received surreptitious treatment (off the books), and failed to disclose their condition to their AME since the diagnosis of MDD could potentially ruin their flying careers.
Duloxetine hydrochloride enteric-coated pellets in capsules with delayed release: formulation and evaluation
Published in Smart Science, 2023
Ramya Krishna Nakkala, Balaji Maddiboyina, Shanmukha Chakravarthi Bolisetti, Harekrishna Roy
The term ‘depression’ is still commonly used to describe the condition. However, because it can also be used to describe psychological depression, more precise language is used in clinical and scientific settings. Major depression is a debilitating condition that affects a person’s relationships with family and friends, performance at work or school, sleep and dietary habits, and overall health. Monoamine neurotransmitters and their receptors are targets for many antidepressant medications, primarily norepinephrine and serotonin as their main targets [8]. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are the most commonly used antidepressant drugs, followed by SSRIs (e.g. fluoxetine and sertraline), heterocyclics (e.g. bupropion), monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and a few other compounds like venlafaxine and duloxetine, which block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine [9,10]. When it comes to balancing brain chemicals, Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor drugs (SNRIs) are very effective therapeutic agents and offer improved therapy safety [11]. Desvenlafaxine, Duloxetine, Milnacipram, and Venlafaxine are examples of SNRIs. Patients with anxiety, ADHD, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or chronic neuropathic pain may benefit from these medications. In particular, they work on two brain neurotransmitters: serotonin and norepinephrine.
Centella asiatica L. Urban protects against morphological aberrations induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in rat’s hippocampus via attenuation of oxidative stress
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Saravanan Jagadeesan, Samaila Musa Chiroma, Mohamad Aris Mohd Moklas, Mohamad Taufik Hidayat Baharuldin, Che Norma Mat Taib, Zulkhairi Amom, Thirupathirao Vishnumukkala, Warren Thomas, Onesimus Mahdi
The current drug treatment for depression is based on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI’s), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCA’s). These treatments have significantly contributed to enhancing the quality of life of individuals with depression, but they are not without their limitations. The current medications do not produce a uniform response among patients, it takes weeks for their effects to be observed and many treatments have significant side effects [16]. The concurrent use of multiple drugs complicates the problems through complex interactions and in particular gives rise to uncertainty regarding their safe use in pregnancy [17]. Fluoxetine is a commonly used antidepressant, and as an SSRI, it inhibits the serotonin transporters at the synaptic cleft. Though in wide use, fluoxetine has side effects including fatigue, weight gain, and sexual dysfunction [18,19]. Thus, though there is a wide range of medications available for the treatment of depression, none of them are universally effective or without side effects. Consequently, there is a need for new therapeutic agents with lesser side effects and broader efficacy [20]. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to consider the critical physiological processes that contribute to stress and depression.
Analytical and ecotoxicological studies on degradation of fluoxetine and fluvoxamine by potassium ferrate
Published in Environmental Technology, 2019
Przemysław Drzewicz, Agata Drobniewska, Katarzyna Sikorska, Grzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki
Antidepressants are the broad group of pharmaceuticals used to treat the symptoms of depression, anxiety and bulimia [2]. Patients usually continue treatment over long period of time. These compounds are flushed to environment via human sewage systems. Antidepressants are persistent and thus their concentrations increase with time in the environment [2]. These pharmaceuticals have biological activity at a low concentration [2]. It is well-known that antidepressants alter behavior and mood of animals (e.g. by reducing their anxiety level and/or increasing aggression) [3]. However, unlike in humans, those pharmaceuticals may also alter the animal body at the molecular level (DNA, hormones) [3]. Fluoxetine (FLU), the first and mostly known selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is one of the most widely used antidepressant worldwide (it is the active ingredient of ProzacTM) [3]. SSRI works by increasing the activity of serotonin in the brain, a chemical responsible for giving people a sense of happiness [2]. Fluvoxamine (FLX) was the first SSRI introduced to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder [2]. Due to their high sales volume, SSRI has been detected in sewage at concentrations up to several µg/L [4]. Moreover, due to their resistance to biodegradation in wastewater treatment plants and further photodegradation in environment, they have been detected in freshwaters and in fish tissues from effluent-dominated water bodies [2].