Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Work stress induced psychological disorders in construction
Published in Imriyas Kamardeen, Work Stress Induced Chronic Diseases in Construction, 2021
PTSD can develop following an exposure to a traumatic event that threatened one’s life or safety or that of others around them and they felt intense fear, horror and helplessness. Among the examples of such traumatic events are accidents, natural disasters, war, terrorism and physical or sexual assault. People with PTSD display four types of symptoms (Beyond Blue 2020): re-living the traumatic event – unwanted recurring memories of the event, nightmares and reactions such as sweating, palpitation or panic when reminded of the eventoverly alert or wound up – sleeping difficulties, lack of concentration, irritability and easily startleddeliberate avoidance of activities, places, people or conversations associated with the traumatic eventemotional numbness – loss of interest in day-to-day activities, detachment from friends and family, and diminished affection.
The Impact of Technology on Mental Health
Published in Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel, Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders, 2019
Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel
Below we explain each in turn for anxiety disorders: Panic Disorder – the person experiences sudden paralyzing terror or a sense of imminent disaster.Phobias – these may include simple phobias (a disproportionate fear of objects), social phobias (fear of being subject to the judgment of others), and agoraphobia (dread of situations where getting away or breaking free may be difficult). We really do not know how many phobias there are (there could be thousands of types).Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) – the person has obsessions and compulsions. In other words, constant stressful thoughts (obsessions), and a powerful urge to perform repetitive acts, such as hand washing (compulsion).Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – this can occur after somebody has been through a traumatic event (something horrible or frightening that they experienced or witnessed). During this type of event, the person thinks that their life or other people’s lives are in danger. They may feel afraid or feel that they have no control over what is happening.
Managing Stress
Published in Rhona Flin, Paul O’Connor, Margaret Crichton, Safety at the Sharp End, 2008
Rhona Flin, Paul O’Connor, Margaret Crichton
PTSD and acute stress disorder can occur following an individual’s involvement in a critical incident. A critical incident is an event that is out with the usual range of experience, and challenges one’s ability to cope (e.g. exposure to violent death) (Everly and Mitchell, 2000). PTSD is a syndrome that is medically recognised as a mental disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). The criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD and acute stress disorder are: The person has been exposed to a traumatic event that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, and the person’s response involved intense fear, helplessness or horror.The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced (e.g. dreams, recurrent recollections, flashbacks).Persistent avoidance of things associated with the trauma (e.g. thought, activities) and numbing (e.g. feeling of detachment, unable to show loving feelings, lack of interest in the future).Persistent symptoms of increased arousal (not present before the trauma), as indicated by two (or more) of the following: difficulty falling or staying asleep, irritability or outbursts of anger, difficulty concentrating, hypervigilance, or exaggerated startle response.
Continuous monitoring and detection of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) triggers among veterans: A supervised machine learning approach
Published in IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering, 2019
Anthony D. McDonald, Farzan Sasangohar, Ashish Jatav, Arjun H. Rao
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent mental disorder that commonly occurs after an individual has experienced a traumatic event, such as the death of loved ones, sexual violence, or serious injury (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2017). Symptoms of PTSD involve: (1) re-experience (e.g., flashbacks and nightmares); (2) avoidance of situations reminiscent of the event; (3) negative changes to belief and cognition; and (4) heightened anxiety and alertness (also known as hyperarousal) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). While several high-risk professions, such as firefighters, police, and emergency department clinicians, are exposed to frequent traumatic events, combat veterans stand out as especially prone to extreme forms of such events. In fact, 11–20% of the veterans who served in Operations Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Enduring Freedom (OEF), 12% of the veterans who served in the Gulf War (Desert Storm), and 15% of the veterans who served in the Vietnam War suffered from PTSD according to various studies (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2016). PTSD has been associated with high rates of suicide among combat veterans (Baker, 1984; Hendin and Haas, 1991; Lawrence et al., 1985).
Deep TMS H7 Coil: Features, Applications & Future
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Tal Harmelech, Yiftach Roth, Aron Tendler
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating anxiety disorder caused by traumatic experiences. Currently, the most efficacious treatment for PTSD is exposure therapy. However, it is still limited. Since Deep TMS of the mPFC has shown preliminary efficacy in PTSD [58] and mPFC is known to be involved in extinction learning, it stands to reason that combining exposure therapy with mPFC stimulation might enhance its effectiveness. One hundred and twenty-five patients participated in an RCT investigating the safety and efficacy of Deep TMS H7 Coil following a brief exposure procedure in PTSD [59]. Deep TMS treatment included 12 sessions across 4 weeks with each session immediately following exposure to the patient’s trauma narrative using script-driven imagery (SDI). The primary endpoint was a change in the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5) score from baseline to week 5. While both groups demonstrated a significant improvement in CAPS-5 score at week 5, the improvement in the Deep TMS group was smaller than in the sham group (16.32 vs. 20.52, p = 0.027). This improvement was enhanced at follow-up (week 9) and remained smaller in the Deep TMS group compared to sham (19 vs. 24.4, p = 0.024). While it is likely that the significant improvement in PTSD symptoms in both groups was due to the SDI exposure, it is surprising that the Deep TMS stimulation had a detrimental effect relative to sham rather than a beneficial one. It could be that repeated HF stimulation of the mPFC with the Deep TMS H7 Coil interferes with the trauma-mediated extinction. Future studies should explore whether memory reactivation with inhibitory rather than excitatory stimulation of mPFC is advantageous when coupled with SDI. Indeed, a recent study [60] found that low-frequency Deep TMS H7 Coil led to decreased connectivity of the mesial PFC with the cingulate cortex and with the ventral striatum, and to increased connectivity between the cingulate cortex and the ventral striatum. These findings may hint that low-frequency Deep TMS over medial PFC may increase response inhibition following exposure to trauma. Future studies should investigate these possibilities.