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Advance Methods
Published in Atsushi Kawaguchi, Multivariate Analysis for Neuroimaging Data, 2021
The brain forms a network, the parts of which have separate functions and communicate with one another. fMRI allows for the clarification of the mechanism underlying this functional connectivity and of neuropathologies. Network analysis of fMRI data is roughly divided into (1) functional connectivity (Keller et al., 2011) and (2) effective connectivity (Stephan and Friston, 2010). Both represent spatially arranged relationships among brain regions; however, functional connectivity, temporal correlation and effective relationships are represented by undirected and directed graphs, respectively.
Natural Biopolymeric Nanoformulations for Brain Drug Delivery
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nanocarriers for Brain Targeting, 2019
Josef Jampílek, Katarina Král’ová
A central nervous system (CNS) disease can affect either the brain or the spinal cord. Brain disorders are among the most serious health problems facing our society, causing untold human suffering and enormous economic costs. They are also among the most mysterious of all diseases, and our ignorance of the underlying disease mechanisms is a major obstacle to the development of better treatments (McGovern, 2017). The brain is a complex, sophisticated system that regulates and coordinates body activities. Thus it is clear that it is vulnerable to various disorders. The brain can be damaged by the following: trauma, infections, degeneration, structural defects, tumors, blood flow disruption, and autoimmune disorders. Disorders of brain may involve (1) vascular disorders (such as stroke, ischemic attack, various hemorrhages); (2) infections (bacterial, fungal, viral, parasitic); (3) structural disorders (such as brain injury, various syndromes, brain tumors); (4) functional disorders (such as a headache, epilepsy, dizziness, and neuralgia); and (5) degeneration (such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer disease (AD), multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington chorea) (Johns Hopkins University, 2017). From this listing, it results that many of different drugs from various classes for the treatment of or at least moderating symptoms of these disorders have to act in the brain tissue.
Nanonutraceuticals in Central Nervous System Disorders
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Minna Hakkarainen, Kamalinder K. Singh, NanoNutraceuticals, 2019
Amita Sarwal, Nisha Rawat, Gurpreet Singh, V. R. Sinha, Sumit Sharma, Dinesh Kumar
The brain controls the body. It is a part of the sensory system, which additionally incorporates the spinal cord and an extensive system of nerves and neurons, which controls five senses and all the muscles in the body. When the brain is injured, it can harm a wide range of activities, including memory, sensation, and even identity. It includes conditions that have an impact on the cerebrum, including states generated by disease, gene acquired attributes, or traumatic destruction. Various disorders associated with the brain are multiple sclerosis, AD, PD, stroke, depression, migraine, mania, anxiety, seizers, epilepsy, trauma, and so on. A report distributed by the World Health Organization Neurological Disorders, Public Health Challenges states that around one billion individuals experience the ill-effects of neurological issue, including epilepsy, stroke, cerebral pain, AD ailment and different dementias, PD infection, various sclerosis, cerebrum wounds, and neuro-infections.
Evaluating the cognitive and psychological effects of real-time auditory travel information on drivers using EEG
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2023
Shubham Agrawal, Srinivas Peeta, Irina Benedyk
EEG measures the underlying electrical activity of the brain, mainly cerebrum, using electrodes (small metal disks) that are placed on the scalp. The cerebrum is the largest portion of the human brain and can be divided into four regions/lobes as illustrated in Figure 5: frontal, parietal (or centroparietal), temporal and occipital. The functionalities of each brain lobe have been extensively discussed in the neuroscience literature. The frontal lobe plays an important role in task planning, working memory, attention, and language articulation (Chayer and Freedman, 2001). It also shares the semantic and syntactic processing of auditory information with the temporal lobe (Friederici, 2011). The parietal lobe is associated with verbal-semantic processes (Doppelmayr et al., 2005) and visual attention (Bisley and Goldberg, 2010). The parietal and frontal lobes are also responsible for body motor functions (Marcus and Jacobson, 2003). The temporal lobe is generally associated with auditory information perception, memory, and language interpretation, while the occipital lobe is associated with visual information processing (Abhang et al., 2016a).
Performance Analysis of Glioma Brain Tumor Segmentation Using CNN Deep Learning Approach
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Brain is the main region of the central nervous system in human body, which is responsible for the entire operation or functionalities of the other parts in human body. This brain constitutes 50–100 million of neurons and they are getting blood and oxygen supply through the blood vessels from the heart. The development of unwanted cell growth in the brain region leads to tumors in human brain. It continuously develops their size and also affects the surrounding cells’ functionalities. It also affects the blood supply from the heart region to the all regions of the brain. The initial stage of the biopsy in the brain region is called as benign and it does not lead to tumor. The advance stage of the biopsy in the brain region is malign and it leads to tumor in the brain [1]. The malignant tumors can be screened using various modality techniques for screening the tissue pattern which has similar property with tumor pattern.
Multi-class Recognition of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases using Bag of Deep reduced Features (BoDrF) with Improved Chaotic Multi Verse Harris Hawks Optimization (CMVHHO) and Random Forest (RF) based classification for early diagnosis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Neurological diseases are related to peripheral and central nervous systems (NSs). The most general symptoms of these diseases are paralysis, muscle fragility, seizure, pain and consciousness loss (https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr04/e/). Around 600 disorders exist that affect the NS. The diseases, like brain tumours, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), multi-sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease (PD), epilepsy and dementia, are referred to as neurological diseases. The human NSs can also get affected by some viral, bacterial and fungal infections (Bhat et al. 2014a, 2014b; Bairy et al. 2017; Sridhar et al. 2017; Acharya et al. 2018a, 2018b, 2018c). Millions of people with these neurological diseases are suffered globally (Jahmunah et al. 2019; Padhmanabhaiyappan et al. 2020; Rajesh et al. 2021a, 2021b; Shajin et al. 2022).