China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Key human anatomy and physiology principles as they relate to rehabilitation engineering
Published in Alex Mihailidis, Roger Smith, Rehabilitation Engineering, 2023
Qussai Obiedat, Bhagwant S. Sindhu, Ying-Chih Wang
The nervous system is a complex network of neurons and associated supporting cells, which carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body, and vice versa. Overall, the nervous system includes both the CNS which comprises the brain and the spinal cord, and the PNS which consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and their associated ganglia. The brain is like a computer that receives information from various parts of the body and relays messages to different body parts to control their functions. The cranial nerves and spinal nerves are like wires and cables that transmit impulses along the length of the nerve cell in the form of an electrical signal, like power lines (Lundy-Ekman 2013).
Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Published in Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula, Tariq Altalhi, Nanogenerators, 2023
Ritvik B. Panicker, Ashish Kapoor, Kannan Deepa, Prabhakar Sivaraman
The nervous system is responsible for coordinating body functions by conveying and accepting signals. In many injuries of the nerves, there occurs severe damage in the relay of neural signals to the muscles. Hence, less voltage stimulation would aid the patients having injuries to their nervous systems. Lee et al. (2017) used TENG having a zigzag configuration for stimulation of the nerves using neural interfaces. They used sling electrodes to neural interface. It was noticed that the stimulation of sciatic nerve using electrical input by TENG induced changes in muscle action. Zheng et al. (2016) had reported a biodegradable and implantable TENG for repairing neurons. Here, the alignment of the cells is one of the vital parameters for repairing the neurons.
The WELL® Building Standard
Published in Traci Rose Rider, Margaret van Bakergem, Building for Well-Being, 2021
Traci Rose Rider, Margaret van Bakergem
The nervous system is largely composed of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system, which basically controls all of our bodily functions and processes. Between the somatic nervous system, which deals with sensory information and voluntary movement, and the autonomic nervous system, which is responsible for the involuntary bodily functions like heartbeat and breathing, this system is quite literally responsible for it all. While degeneration of the nervous system leads to disorders such as Parkinson, multiple sclerosis and ALS, other more common disorders include stroke, meningitis, headaches, dizziness, and epilepsy. Because the nervous system is quite complex, building and operations features addressing quality standards in both water and air to limit toxins, as well as increased physical activity, balanced diets, and sleep quality can all impact neurologic and cognitive function.
Design of peptide-PEG-Thiazole bound polypyrrole supramolecular assemblies for enhanced neuronal cell interactions
Published in Soft Materials, 2021
Sarah M. Broas, Ipsita A. Banerjee
The nervous system consists of a complex pattern of interconnected neurons and neuroglia, responsible for transmitting and conducting carrying sensory and excitatory input.[1] Damage to the nervous system caused by traumatic injury or neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), can result in disability, and mortality.[2,3] When damage to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) occurs, limited regeneration is possible. Phagocytotic cells clear out myelin and axonal debris, simultaneously releasing cytokines responsible for encouragement of nerve growth.[4] However, this regeneration ability is slow, and limited;[5] when the site of injury is too large, regeneration cannot occur. In contrast, the central nervous system (CNS) lacks regeneration potential.[6] Currently, in the cases of both PNS and CNS injury, treatments are limited. Many rely on autologous tissue grafting, which requires multiple surgeries and is accompanied by a loss of function at the donor site.[1] Treatments are often hindered by limited donor cell survival and supply, a lack of integration with host tissue, and immune rejection. Other strategies include the development of neuroprotective and regenerative drugs .[7] However, delivery of the drug to the injury site is a source of complication. The blood-brain barrier and blood-spinal cord barrier restrict the accessibility of damaged sites, and catheters pose the risk of infection, chronic inflammation, scarring, and compression of the spinal cord.[8]
A robust and reliable online P300-based BCI system using Emotiv EPOC + headset
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2021
The human brain is made up of billions of neurons. The neuron cells of the nervous system can transmit information in the form of electrical or chemical signals along the axon. EEG waves are a continuous recording of electrical signals generated by the brain by the firing of neurons. As neuron dendrites receive neurotransmitters from the axon of other neurons, they induce an electrical polarity shift within the neuron. This change in polarity is what the EEG is capturing. The operation of a single neuron is not sufficient to be identified with an EEG unit. There are, however, a significant number of pyramidal cells and they are parallel to each other. Such cells are stimulated at the same time and create significant voltage changes that are sensed on the neurons [12,13].
A K-Means-Galactic Swarm Optimization-Based Clustering Algorithm with Otsu’s Entropy for Brain Tumor Detection
Published in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 2019
Satyasai Jagannath Nanda, Ishank Gulati, Rajat Chauhan, Rahul Modi, Uttam Dhaked
The brain and spinal cord together makes the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS not only control the thought processes of human but also control voluntary and involuntary muscles Kandwal and Kumar (2014). The tumors developed in brain are broadly two types: Cancerous and Benign tumors (non-cancerous) Logeswariand Karnan (2010). The Cancerous brain tumors are of two categories: primary and secondary Kharrat et al. (2009). The primary one gets developed inside the brain, and secondary one gets formulated in another part of the body (ex. breast, lung) and spread to the brain Bandyopadhyay (2011). In this manuscript, the analysis is carried out on detection of different types of primary brain tumors.