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Screening and Pharmacological Management of Neuropathic Pain
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
Manu Sharma, Ranju Soni, Kakarla Raghava Reddy, Veera Sadhu, Raghavendra V. Kulkarni
The nerve block technique involves a procedure designed to interfere with neural conduction to diminish or hamper pain. Both afferents as well as efferent conduction may be interrupted. Local anesthetics are the most commonly injected substance for nerve blocks and the effect is prolonged on the addition of a corticosteroid. Nerve block techniques have been classified into four categories, i.e. diagnostic, prognostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic nerve block. Diagnostic nerve blocks can define more clearly the anatomical etiology of the pain and help in distinguishing peripheral and central pain syndromes. Prognostic nerve blocks are performed to help to predict response to a procedure that may have a greater duration of action than a nerve block with a local anesthetic. On the other hand, prophylactic nerve blocks or preemptive analgesia are techniques employed to prevent the development of significant pain following surgery or trauma. Therapeutic nerve blocks may be used to diminish pain and promote functional rehabilitation in combination with physiotherapy during acute or chronic pain syndromes.
Common Sense Emergency Response
Published in Robert A. Burke, Common Sense Emergency Response, 2020
Neurotransmitters are chemical substances released by a nerve impulse at the nerve ending. When released, they travel to the organ that the nerve stimulates. Once it arrives at the organ, the neurotransmitter combines with the receptor site the organ to affect the organ. For example, to move a muscle anywhere in your body, an electrical impulse originates in the brain and travels down appropriate nerves to the nerve ending near that muscle. The electrical impulse does not go to the muscle but causes the release of a neurotransmitter, which then travels across the very tiny gap between the nerve ending and the muscle to stimulate the muscle. The muscle reacts to this stimulation by moving. The neurotransmitter is then destroyed to prevent the stimulation of the muscle again.
Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
A nerve is defined as a cable-like, enclosed, bundle of axons (nerve fibers, projections of neurons) in the peripheral nervous system. It typically conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials, away from the nerve cell body. Axons transmit information to different neurons, muscles, and glands by having electrochemical impulses travel from peripheral organs to the cell body. This information is then propagated from the cell body to the spinal cord. In addition to neurons, nerves also include non-neuronal cells that coat the axons in myelin. There are two types of axons in the nervous system, namely myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Myelin is a layer of a fatty insulating substance and plays an important role in brain health.
Theoretical spectroscopic signature of synephrine using DFT and the effect of hydrogen removal
Published in Phase Transitions, 2022
N. P. Yadav, A. K. Vishwkarma, K. Kumar, A. Vats, A. Pathak, R. Kumar, V. Mukerjee, S. Moharana, T. Yadav, C. Mahapatra, S. Srivastava
Neurotransmitters are important biomolecules because these act as chemical messengers between two nerve cells. The spectroscopic investigation of neurotransmitters can provide a better understanding of their mechanism. Synephrine is a protoalkaloid found in some plants and animals [1]. Synephrine is used in thermogenic supplements for weight loss. Synephrine concentration in a few supplements containing bitter orange often differs significantly from that stated on the label. Many thermogenic supplements contain the alkaloid synephrine to promote their human body effects [2]. Synephrine can be synthesized in the human body in the same pathway which involved in the synthesis of catecholamines. However, it is considered a trace amine due to its low concentration [1]. It activates β-3 adrenergic receptors and thereby reduces food intake, induces lipolysis, and elevates the metabolic rate [3]. It has no hazardous effects at commonly employed doses designed to promote thermogenesis [2].
A comparative evaluation of machine learning algorithms and an improved optimal model for landslide susceptibility: a case study
Published in Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2021
Yue Liu, Peihua Xu, Chen Cao, Bo Shan, Kuanxing Zhu, Qiuyang Ma, Zongshuo Zhang, Han Yin
An artificial neural network (ANN) is a computer system that imitates the processes of the brain’s neurons. The ANN is considered as a biological neuron by analogy and includes the cell body, dendrite, axon, and synapse. Dendrite cells are inputs that receive signals from other cells, axons are outputs that send signals to other cells, and synapses are the interface of the inputs and outputs through which a signal passes from one nerve cell to another. The information from the inputs alters the neuron potential and accumulates continuously. The neuron is activated and a pulse is generated and transmitted to the next neuron when greater than a threshold (Wang et al. 2019). Figure 6 presents an example of ANN neuron.
Determination of distal temperature using infrared thermography in Mexican children with diabetes
Published in Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal, 2023
Antony Morales-Cervantes, Edgar Guevara, Francisco Javier González, Gerardo Marx Chávez-Campos, Héctor Javier Vergara-Hernández, Juan Manuel Núñez-Leyva, Alejandra Ortiz-Dosal, Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca
One of the main benefits of infrared thermography in patients with diabetes is its ability to assess peripheral blood circulation. Diabetes can cause damage to blood vessels, resulting in decreased blood flow to the extremities. However, since it is not specific for each person, the temperature range in healthy people for the hands is widely variable [39]. Infrared thermography can detect thermal variations associated with reduced or abnormal blood flow non-invasively and in real time. This provides clinicians with an additional tool to assess peripheral perfusion and detect early the presence of vascular disease in patients with diabetes. In addition to evaluating blood circulation, infrared thermography can be helpful in the detection of diabetic neuropathy. Neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes that affects the peripheral nerves and can lead to sensory dysfunction. Infrared thermography can reveal areas of abnormally elevated or decreased temperature in the extremities, indicating the presence of neuropathy. This can help doctors to identify the company of nerve damage early and take preventative or therapeutic measures to prevent its progression [40]. Infrared thermography in children has been applied in diagnosis and follow-up for pathologies such as burns [41], vascular malformations, scleroderma, and thrombosis [42,43]. Another study in children has shown that infrared thermography is a reliable tool for diagnosing and monitoring peripheral circulation alterations, providing objective blood flow measurements [42]. Furthermore, the application and use of machine learning algorithms that allow disease classification are beneficial since they are additional diagnostic tools [44].