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Pediatric Imaging in General Radiography
Published in Christopher M. Hayre, William A. S. Cox, General Radiography, 2020
Allen Corrall, Joanna Fairhurst
This is a birth related injury which can occur several ways, most commonly caused by shoulder dystocia where the baby becomes stuck in the birth canal as one of its shoulder lodges on the mother’s pubic bone and during the associated assisted delivery the head (or trunk in breech birth) is pulled causing nerve damage as the neck is stretched (South & Isaacs, 2012). The neonate presents with upper limb paralysis on the affected side (sometimes both) and the X-ray request will often mention lack of tone in the affected arm. The role of X-ray is to exclude a fractured clavicle or humerus as an alternative cause for paresis. Nerve damage sequelae range from full recovery to a permanent degree of paralysis.
Nanotechnology for Tissue Regeneration
Published in Bhaskar Mazumder, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Yashwant Pathak, Nanotechnology, 2019
Kumud Joshi, Pronobesh Chattopadhyay, Bhaskar Mazumder
Peripheral nerve (PN) injury after traumas like accidents and burns are common; 300,000 cases are reported annually in Europe alone (Ciardelli and Chiono, 2006). Thus, effective regeneration capabilities can do a great service. The most commonly employed technique for nerve tissue regeneration is autografting, which involves transplanting the patient’s own nerve graft from one donor site to the site of damage for regeneration (Hood et al., 2009). Allografting is a similar technique, which uses nerve conduit of non-self origin, either from human or primate source. It provides a temporary template for the development of new nerves in the host (Moore et al., 2011). Allografting provides a suitable substrate for the regeneration of damaged nerve tissue. There are a plethora of biomaterials which can be used for allograft nerve conduits, but these grafts carry the risk of transmitting animal diseases to humans (Yang et al., 2012). Nerve tissue engineering can provide a solution to many of the problems associated with the treatment of nerve damage. A successful design for suitable nerve conduit must incorporate features similar to the natural ECM. In the first place, it should be biocompatible, non-immunogenic, non-cytotoxic, and biodegradable. Additionally, it should mimic the functional environment of natural ECM, providing suitable topographical, electrical, and chemical cues for adhesion and proliferation of neural cells and enhanced neurite outgrowth. A scaffold should be flexible and should not increase tension at the lesion site for efficient axon regeneration. It is also necessary that scar formation should be inhibited after injury due to phagocytosis and to ensure adult neuronal viability for initiating axonal extension (Ellis-Behnke et al., 2006; Subramanian et al., 2009). Nanomaterials, due to their superior properties, are being explored for developing the ideal scaffold. Nanostructured prosthesis, like nanofibers and self-assembly peptide gels, have various advantages with their increased surface area and optimized scaffold geometry. The advantages include better cell seeding of different types of cells, like Schwann cells, and better delivery of growth factors, providing efficient nerve regeneration. Nanomaterials inhibit astrocyte activity and support axonal growth, restoring synaptic connections (Fraczek-Szczypta, 2014; Peran et al., 2013). Self-assembly peptides functionalized with neuro-selective epitomes, like isoleucine-lysine-valine-alanine-valine (IKVAV), have been found to promote the regeneration of nanofibers for both descending and ascending neurons within 11 weeks of treatment when injected in mouse spinal cord injury (Tysseling-Mattiace et al., 2008). CNTs have emerged as an efficient material for tissue regeneration. CNTs obtained by functionalizing with groups like NH2, -SH, and -COOH have a positive effect on nerve growth, including enhanced neurite length and branching (Fraczek-Szczypta, 2014). Carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene and CNTs have excellent electrical conductivity and enhance neural growth (Fraczek-Szczypta, 2014; Qian et al., 2018). It is also found that positively charged CNTs promote better tissue regeneration than negatively charged ones.
The therapeutic effect of nano-zinc on the optic nerve of offspring rats and their mothers treated with lipopolysaccharides
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Eman Mohammed Emara, Hassan Ih El-Sayyad, Amr M Mowafy, Heba a El-Ghaweet
Many studies demonstrated that injecting bacterial LPS into the optic nerve of rats induced optic neuritis (ON). ON is characterized by a disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and leukocyte infiltration, as well as unilateral visual loss, afferent pupillary deficiency, abnormal visual evoked potentials (VEPs), periocular or retro-orbital pain in conjunction with eye movement, astrocytosis, demyelination, axon degeneration and RGC degeneration [12]. RGC oxidative damage is caused by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS), and it is associated with numerous diseases such as glaucoma, hereditary optic atrophy, ischemic optic neuropathy, Traumatic Optic Neuropathy and Optic Neuritis. LPS injections also increased the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, COX-2, interleukin-1β and TNFα mRNA levels as well as increased the production of retinal superoxide, decreased activity of superoxide dismutase 2 and activated the inflammasome. All previous findings have been associated with optic nerve damage [13].
Neurological disease prediction using impaired gait analysis for foot position in cerebellar ataxia by ensemble approach
Published in Automatika, 2023
M. Shanmuga Sundari, Vijaya Chandra Jadala
Although the motor symptoms of cerebellar ataxia (CA) are the most well-known, numerous non-motor symptoms have also been reported [1]. Irregular actions and the inability to suppress urges are hallmarks of the psychiatric disorders known as impulse control disorders (ICDs). A well-known area of medical specialization is neurological specialization [2]. The brain instructs the body on how to respond to events. Using this research, we can pinpoint the activity issue and determine the nervous system's capacity. A disruption in a person's activity rhythm may result in neurological diseases. Brain, spine and nerve damage are the focus of neurosurgery. Our specialists use neurosurgery to treat neurological diseases. Finding activity patterns [3] in the medical field is difficult. We must observe the patient's motions in order to pinpoint the condition [4]. Issue identification and pinpointing the issue is very difficult in the early stage of neuro disease. A patient's death could occur due to any failure in their medical care.
Frontal lobe oxyhemoglobin levels in patients with lower extremity burns assessed using a functional near-Infrared spectroscopy device during usual walking: a pilot study
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
So Young Joo, Yoon Soo Cho, Kuem Ju Lee, Seung Yeol Lee, Cheong Hoon Seo
We included right-handed patients, aged between 20 and 50 years old and the patients who could walk unassisted for at least 5 min. Patients diagnosed with sensory nerve or motor nerve damage by conducting electromyography on the burn site were included. We excluded patients with critical systemic conditions, severe cognitive impairment who were unable to follow instructions, or had severe pain in the affected limb who were unable to walk. For excluding the effects of aging on cortical activity, healthy controls in their twenties were included (Beurskens et al. 2014). Finally, 15 patients with lower extremity burns, 10 patients with upper extremity burns, and 11 healthy controls were included in this study (Table 1). The group consisting of lower extremity burn patients was defined as group 1, the group consisting of upper extremity burn patients was defined as group 2. And the group consisting of healthy controls was defined as group 3.