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Introduction to the Biological System
Published in Ashutosh Kumar Dubey, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, Bikramjit Basu, Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, 2020
Ashutosh Kumar Dubey, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, Bikramjit Basu
Tissue is a self-assembly of groups of cells having a similar structure and origin, which together perform a specific function. Various cell types and their functionality are summarized in Table 8.1. Based on the structure and function, tissues are classified into four major types, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and epithelial tissue. Among these, the connective tissues consist of fibrous tissues embedded in ECM and provide structural framework to an organ. Connective tissue also contains spindle-shaped fibroblasts. Bone, adipose tissues, tendon, ligament, and blood are classical examples of connective tissues. As shown in Figure 8.5, the muscle tissue consists of muscle cells which have contractile nature that produce force and control the motion (movement or locomotion) in an organism. Among different types of muscle tissues, smooth muscle constitutes the inner linings of hollow organs like digestive tracts, blood vessels, etc., while the skeletal muscle are found to be attached to bone. Another type of muscle tissue is cardiac muscle, which is found only in the heart, has self-contracting nature that helps in rhythmic blood pumping throughout an organism. The neural tissue consists of neurons and neuroglia. In the central and peripheral nervous system, the nerve tissue constitutes the brain and spinal cord, and cranial nerves and spinal nerves, respectively. The epithelial tissues consist of closely packed epithelial cells, which cover the outer and inner surfaces of the organ.
Designing for Lower Torso and Leg Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Pelvic organ prolapse (POP), a disorder seen only in women, may cause discomfort and disability in varying degrees. If the supporting connective tissues of the bladder, rectum and/or uterus fail, any or all of these organs can collapse into, and in extreme cases protrude from the vagina and beyond the labia majora. Figure 5.8-C illustrates a bladder prolapse. Problems eliminating urine and stool often accompany POP. Although specific causes for POP are unclear, it is a common problem which can be treated with exercise in mild cases and with pessary use in moderate cases. Severe cases often require surgical repairs. The incidence of POP increases with age, possibly related to loss of connective tissue elasticity throughout the body. Pregnancy with vaginal delivery of the infant is a risk factor.
Carbon Nanotubes Used as Nanocarriers in Drug and Biomolecule Delivery
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Drug Delivery Approaches and Nanosystems, 2017
Hua He, Deli Xiao, Lien Ai Pham-Huy, Pierre Dramou, Chuong Pham-Huy
Tissue engineering recently developed is the study of the growth of new connective tissues, or organs, from cells and a collagenous scaffold to produce a fully functional organ for implantation back into the donor host. The aim of regenerative medicine is repair and regeneration of human body tissues and organs affected or lost because of disease, trauma, and the like (He et al., 2013). Whichever means are used, no tissue can be regenerated without a scaffold. Thus, the scaffold is of paramount importance in therapy, and research aimed at developing CNTs as scaffold material has been increasing (Saito et al., 2014). Carbon nanotubes may be an important tissue engineering material for delivering of transfection agents, tracking of cells, sensing of microenvironments, and scaffolding for incorporating with the host’s body (Kumar et al., 2012; Haniu et al., 2010). The knowledge advances of cell and organ transplantation and of CNT chemistry in recent years have contributed to the sustained development of CNT-based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Carbon nanotubes may be the best tissue-engineering candidate among numerous other materials for tissue scaffolds since this nanomaterial is biocompatible, resistant to biodegradation and can be functionalized with biomolecules for enhancing the organ regeneration. In this field, CNTs can be used as additives to reinforce the mechanical strength of tissue scaffolding and conductivity by incorporating with the host’s body (Haniu et al., 2012; He et al., 2013; Liao et al., 2011; Saito et al., 2014).
Possible radio-protective effects of cinnamon on induced mucositis in buccal mucosa of albino rats subjected to gamma radiation
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2023
Khaled E. El-Haddad, Reham M. Amin, Randa H. Mokhtar, Nabil A. El-Faramawy
Negative control group (C1) samples showed apparent intact epithelium with broad, regular, and numerous rete pegs underlined with fibrous connective tissue and muscle fibers (Figure 2A). The basal cell layer had large deeply stained nucleus and the parabasal polyhedral cells displayed mitotic figures (Figure 2B). Both Positive control subgroups (C2A & C2B) with induced mucositis appeared almost with the same histological changes. They displayed short and irregular rete pegs compared to group C1. Occasional signs of degeneration in the keratin layer and the connective tissue surrounding the muscles (Figure 2C) and blood vessels with apparent dilatation (Figure 2D). Areas of hyperplasia in basal and parabasal layers were detected. Some granular cell layer appeared swollen and with pale stained cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei (Figure 2E).
Protein–based electrospun nanofibers: electrospinning conditions, biomedical applications, prospects, and challenges
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Md Nur Uddin, Md. Jobaer, Sajjatul Islam Mahedi, Ayub Ali
Collagen, another abundant protein found in the bodies of spineless organisms, serves as the principal auxiliary component of the connective tissue’s extracellular matrix (ECM) (Matthews et al., 2002). It comprises amino acid glycine in every third position and the alpha (α) chain of the self–assembling triple–helical structure (Kriegel et al., 2008). A direction of hydrogen bonding balances this assembling form (Buschle-Diller et al., 2006). Numerous collagen structures are feasible, each with a unique organization and utility. For example, Type I collagen is the most abundant structure detached from mature connective tissue. This collagen comprises two α1 and α2 chains that are thousands of amino acids long (Huang et al., 2001), whereas type III collagen is composed of three α1 chains (Matthews et al., 2002). Collagen is exceptionally conserved and, along these lines, can be detached from enormous sources.
Design and development of biomimetic electrospun sulphonated polyether ether ketone nanofibrous scaffold for bone tissue regeneration applications: in vitro and in vivo study
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Rajalakshmi Ekambaram, Sangeetha Dharmalingam
Bone, a highly vascularized connective tissue is distinguished by the fact that it’s organic matrix type-I collagen (90–95%) is responsible for elasticity and inorganic mineral calcium phosphate (5%) imparts hardness. It is classed as an organic-inorganic nanocomposite involved in calcium and phosphate mineral homeostasis by maintaining the concentration of electrolytes in the blood [1] where its high developmental capacity initiates remodeling in a normal fracture healing. Bone defects such as osteoporosis and osteopetrosis occur due to imbalance between the osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic resorption that are regulated by growth factors and bone forming hormones [2]. One of the main challenges in tissue engineering of bone is to design and develop a artificial bone graft substitute that possess osteoinductive properties [3]. Every year about 500,000 bone transplantations are taking place worldwide. Various clinical indications like traumatic injuries, tumor extractions and bone diseases have necessitated the regeneration of bone tissue. Though there are high complications like non-immunogenicity, antigenicity and histocompatibility associated with autologous, allogenic and xenogenic bone substitution procedures, its use is not limited now a days but it results in complications like multiple surgical procedures, chronic pain and other associated donor site morbidity [4].