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23Na
Published in Guillaume Madelin, X-Nuclei Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2022
Cartilage is a dense connective tissue that can be found in many parts of the body such as articular joints between bones (hyaline cartilage), in the ear and nose (elastic cartilage) or in intervertebral disk (fibrocartilage). Here, we will mainly focus on articular hyaline cartilage, which consists of a small population of chondrocytes (5% of volume) within a large extracellular matrix (ECM) made of type II collagen fibers (15–20% of the volume), proteoglycans (PG; 3–10%) and water (65–80%) and does not contain blood vessels. PGs further consist of a protein core and negatively charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains, which endow cartilage with a negative fixed charge density (FCD). This FCD attracts free-floating positive counterions, such as Na+, which in turn attract water molecules within the cartilage through osmotic pressure. The negative charge of the GAG side chains also provides a strong electrostatic repulsive force between the PG molecules and is responsible for the compressive stiffness of cartilage. The collagen fibers serve to immobilize the PG and provide a tensile force opposing the tendency of the PG to expand the cartilage. Due to these properties, articular cartilage can provide synovial joints with lubrication and can also serve to absorb mechanical shocks and to distribute load over the underlying bone [11, 167].
Adipose Tissue-Derived Adult Stem Cells
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Laura Aust, Lyndon Cooper, Blythe Devlin, Tracey du Laney, Sandra Foster, Jeffrey M. Gimble, Farshid Guilak, Yuan Di C. Halvorsen, Kevin Hicok, Amy Kloster, Henry E. Rice, Anindita Sen, Robert W. Storms, William O. Wilkison
Articular cartilage is the thin layer of deformable, load-bearing material that lines the bony ends of all diarthrodial joints. The primary functions of cartilage are to support and distribute forces generated during joint loading and to provide lubricating surfaces to prevent wear or degradation of the joint. Cartilage is a metabolically active tissue with relatively slow state of turnover by a sparse population of specialized cells, chondrocytes. Cartilage has limited capacity for intrinsic repair, and even minor lesions or injuries may lead to progressive damage and joint degeneration. Chondral or osteochondral lesions may be a significant source of pain and loss of function and rarely heal spontaneously. The poor repair capability of cartilage is often attributed to the lack of blood supply to the affected area or due to the lack of a source of un-differentiated cells that can promote repair.40,41 Recently, a cell based cartilage repair product became available for clinical application. The Carticel (Genzyme, Cambridge MA) procedure involves the isolation and amplification of autologous chondrocytes and subsequent reimplantation into the defect, which is covered by a flap of autologous periosteal tissue.42 Other potential sources of cell therapy include chondrocytes isolated from elastic cartilage,43 bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC),44,45 and ADAS cells.18,46,47
Nanoindentation of Soft Tissues and Other Biological Materials
Published in Michelle L. Oyen, Handbook of Nanoindentation with biological applications, 2019
Articular cartilage is a highly studied tissue for clinical reasons. Articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of long bones and sesamoid bones within synovial joints.10 The function of the cartilage is to cushion the ends of the bones that articulate at the joint, provide a low friction sliding interface, and provide lubrication to the joint. Articular cartilage is of clinical importance because it is often the site of osteoarthritis and other damage. If the cartilage on the ends of the long bones deteriorates, joint replacement surgery is required. Hence, there has been much research into understanding structure-property relationships in healthy, diseased, and repair cartilage in an effort to develop better diagnostic tools and treatments for cartilage degeneration.
Advancements of next generation sequencing in the field of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Ankita Pati, Dattatreya Kar, Jyoti Ranjan Parida, Ananya Kuanar
RA is the immunological complication associated with the Prevotella Capri is involved in the expression of faecal Prevotellaceae [13]. The inflammation of synovium may cause damage to the joint cartilage, a tissue that protects the end of the bones at the joining area. The damage of the cartilage may result in severe joint pain for the patient, which may limit or restrict their mobility largely [14]. During the development of the swelling in the case of rheumatoid arthritis including the emergence of pain, the immune of system of the body starts producing antibodies to resist the adverse effect of RA [15]. This may affect other organs of the body in most cases such as the lungs, the eyes, the skin and even the heart. However, some exceptional cases may be witnessed where antibodies such as rheumatoid factor or anti-citrullinated protein antibodies may not show up by the blood tests [16]. As far as the imaging results are concerned, this stage, as advocated by the doctors, remains more certain in comparison to the previous stage considering the development of antibodies and worsened swelling [17]. X-rays may reveal a chipped-off or moth-eaten appearance of this disease while Ultrasound may also be preferred if the result is not certain in X-rays. An MRI is perceived to be the most sensitive in this regard that can be opted in case the problem worsens and necessary results cannot be obtained through X-rays [18] . In this regard, the screening of rheumatoid arthritis can be achieved via next generation sequencing [19].
Biomimetic polyvinyl alcohol/type II collagen hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Weiwei Lan, Mengjie Xu, Xiumei Zhang, Liqin Zhao, Di Huang, Xiaochun Wei, Weiyi Chen
Articular cartilage plays vital role in the movement of joints. It provides the tissue sufficient mechanical support, reduces and transfers stress and lubrication characteristics etc [1,2]. Osteochondral defects are usually caused by some related diseases, such as degeneration of articular cartilage due to aging, damage of articular cartilage, trauma or rheumatoid arthritis, have been seriously threatened to the health of patients [3,4]. Cartilage is a highly organized avascular soft tissue that assembles from nano to macro scale to produce complex structural networks [5]. The ability of articular cartilage to self-repair and regeneration has been limited because of the lack of nerves and blood vessels. Therefore, the treatment of cartilaginous lesions remains a major challenge for orthopedic surgeons [6].
Three-dimensional duck’s feet collagen/PLGA scaffold for chondrification: role of pore size and porosity
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Jeong Eun Song, Nirmalya Tripathy, Se Rom Cha, Sung Hyun Jeon, Soon Yong Kwon, Dong Sam Suh, Gilson Khang
Cartilage is composed of low-density chondrocytes and a relatively large portion of extracellular matrix (ECM), which is a flexible connective tissue and plays a vital role in absorbing the impact applied between joints in the bones [1]. The cartilage-related diseases include degenerative arthritis, osteomalacia, and costochondritis, etc. mostly occurring due to aging, obesity, and trauma etc. Depending on the symptoms of disease, additional problems such as severe pain and physical disability can occur [2]. Articular cartilage is difficult to regenerate when damaged and its regeneration ability is also lower compared to other tissues, because it has no blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels [3–5]. Therefore, in case of severe damage, tissue replacement for cartilage is needed and tissue engineering studies has been conducted. The cells enable healing in cartilage damage are used such as chondrocytes, bone marrow-derived stem cells, and adipose stem cells etc. [6]. We have used costal chondrocyte in this study. The costal cartilage composed of hyaline cartilage such as articular cartilage, is easy to acquire cells regardless of age, with an advantage of excellent cell division ability [7,8].