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23Na
Published in Guillaume Madelin, X-Nuclei Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2022
Cartilage is a dense connective tissue that can be found in many parts of the body such as articular joints between bones (hyaline cartilage), in the ear and nose (elastic cartilage) or in intervertebral disk (fibrocartilage). Here, we will mainly focus on articular hyaline cartilage, which consists of a small population of chondrocytes (5% of volume) within a large extracellular matrix (ECM) made of type II collagen fibers (15–20% of the volume), proteoglycans (PG; 3–10%) and water (65–80%) and does not contain blood vessels. PGs further consist of a protein core and negatively charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains, which endow cartilage with a negative fixed charge density (FCD). This FCD attracts free-floating positive counterions, such as Na+, which in turn attract water molecules within the cartilage through osmotic pressure. The negative charge of the GAG side chains also provides a strong electrostatic repulsive force between the PG molecules and is responsible for the compressive stiffness of cartilage. The collagen fibers serve to immobilize the PG and provide a tensile force opposing the tendency of the PG to expand the cartilage. Due to these properties, articular cartilage can provide synovial joints with lubrication and can also serve to absorb mechanical shocks and to distribute load over the underlying bone [11, 167].
Effects of Mechanical Vibration on Bone Tissue
Published in Redha Taiar, Christiano Bittencourt Machado, Xavier Chiementin, Mario Bernardo-Filho, Whole Body Vibrations, 2019
Christiano Bittencourt Machado, Borja Sañudo, Christina Stark, Eckhard Schoenau
Cartilage tissue is of utmost importance for bone tissue biology and development. It is present in human body joints, nose, bronchial tubes, ears and intervertebral disks, being also essential for endochondral ossification and fracture regeneration. The flexible articular cartilage contains no blood vessels or nerves, composed by so-called chondroblasts (cells that produce the extracellular matrix) and the chondrocytes (chodroblasts caught in the matrix) laying in spaces called lacunae. Water fills approximately 70% of all cartilage matrices. The extracellular matrix is mainly composed of proteoglycans (15% to 40% of the dry weight) and type II collagen (40% to 70% of the dry weight), however there are other types of collagen in articular cartilage. The hyaline cartilage is the most prevalent type of cartilage found in human body. It can be identified in articular surfaces, anterior end of the ribs, tracheal rings and growth plates (nonmineralized region of growth near the end of developing bones). The elastic cartilage forms the external ear, epiglottis and Eustachian tubes, presenting great elasticity; and the fibrocartilage, forming the pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks and tendon-bone attachments.
Structure and Function of Cartilage
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
Elastic cartilage differs from other cartilage types by having a matrix containing large amounts of elastin, which exists as a highly branched fiber (Figure 1.3). The insoluble elastin fiber complex is formed from cross-linking lysines through a desmosine cross-link of the soluble 65 kDa tropoelastin protein. Other than cartilage, elastin and elastin fibers are found in tissues and organs requiring flexibility, such as arteries, skin, heart, lungs, and bladder. The chondrocytes of elastic cartilage are more numerous than in other cartilages, and lie oriented between the fibers of elastin. Elastic cartilage derives its name from the high amount of flexibility present in the tissue due to the elastin content, but develops in the fetus from a hyaline cartilage precursor (Sucheston and Cannon 1969). Elastin fibers can often be in high enough concentrations to not only impart a yellowish color to elastic cartilage, but also act as an impediment to staining of other components of the elastic cartilage matrix (e.g., type II collagen and glycosaminoglycans [GAGs]). Within the body, elastic cartilage is present in several locations, including the outer ear (auricle), pharyngotympanic (Eustachian) tube, larynx, and epiglottis, and is covered by perichondrium (Singh 2006).
Nonwoven membranes for tissue engineering: an overview of cartilage, epithelium, and bone regeneration
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Thalles Canton Trevisol, Rayane Kunert Langbehn, Suellen Battiston, Ana Paula Serafini Immich
Cartilage is a form of connective tissue devoid of blood, lymphatic vessels and nerve endings. The chondrocyte is the main cell type of cartilaginous tissue that produces large amounts of ECM. In general, the ECM of this tissue is composed of collagen, proteoglycan, elastin and small amounts of lipids and inorganic components, which vary depending on the type, site, organism, time, etc. Three types of cartilage tissues are found in the human body: elastic cartilage, located in the larynx and ear pavilion, fibrous cartilage, found in various body parts, such as intervertebral discs, tendons, and the pubic region; and hyaline cartilage, found next to joint surfaces, such as the knees [22, 23].