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The therapeutic role of the components of Aloe vera in activating the factors that induce osteoarthritic joint remodeling
Published in Badal Jageshwar Prasad Dewangan, Maheshkumar Narsingrao Yenkie, Novel Applications in Polymers and Waste Management, 2018
Abhipriya Chatterjee, Patit Paban Kundu
The hyaline cartilage, coating the surface ofthe joints, is mainly composed of chondrocyte cells embedded in extracellular matrix which is consti tuted by water, type II collagen, and proteoglycan (Fig. 13.2). During movement, the cartilage distributes the weight on the joint uniformly, thus reducing stress. A viscous synovial fluid present in between the artic ular cartilage acts as a lubricant and reduces friction between cartilages during movement. This synovial fluid has high concentration of hyal uronic acid. In general, a healthy cartilage maintains a state of homeo stasis where there is a constant process of resorption and regeneration of cartilage matrix. But in case of osteoarthritis, the balance between this resorption and regeneration is disturbed. The cell tries to repair itself but is unable to regenerate a functional matrix and the shockabsorbing func tion is gradually lost.39
Advances in Osteoarthritis of the Hip
Published in K. Mohan Iyer, Hip Joint in Adults: Advances and Developments, 2018
Pratham Surya, Sriram Srinivasan, Dipen K. Menon
Hyaline cartilage is a highly specialised connective tissue that is smooth, elastic and firm, covering the articulating ends of the component bones in diarthrodial joints. Articular cartilage has viscoelastic properties that allow deformation under load-bearing conditions primarily due to alterations in fluid flow through a solid matrix [3]. Articular cartilage has excellent shock absorptive properties and helps in load transfer across a joint. The articular cartilage layer is smooth, allowing almost frictionless motion between the joint surfaces [3].
The opportunity of using alloplastic bone augmentation materials in the maxillofacial region– Literature review
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2019
Simion Bran, Grigore Baciut, Mihaela Baciut, Ileana Mitre, Florin Onisor, Mihaela Hedesiu, Avram Manea
The reparative phase takes place days after fracture, when the cells of the periosteum replicate and transform. The periosteal cells that are closest to the fracture gap develop into chondroblasts and start forming hyaline cartilage, while the ones that are further from the fracture gap develop into osteoblasts, forming woven bone. Fibroblasts in the granulation tissue also develop into chondroblasts, forming hyaline cartilage. The two new tissues develop until they unite with the other part of the fracture. All this process is finalized by the formation of the fracture callus which restores some of the bone’s original strength. This is followed by the replacement of the hyaline cartilage and woven bone with lamellar bone, a process known as endochondral ossification (for the hyaline cartilage) and bony substitution (for the woven bone). At the end of this phase, most of the bone’s original strength is restored. Matrix proteins and bone regulating cytokines, proinflammatory cytokines, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways are involved in the normal bone repair after fractures and also around different kinds of implants or reconstruction materials. (Marsell and Einhorn 2010; Cassuto et al. 2017)
Nonwoven membranes for tissue engineering: an overview of cartilage, epithelium, and bone regeneration
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Thalles Canton Trevisol, Rayane Kunert Langbehn, Suellen Battiston, Ana Paula Serafini Immich
Zhang et al. [36] used another polymer derivate from glycolic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), to produce scaffolds for tissue engineering. In this study, an electrospun scaffold was used to culture chondrocytes in vitro and, then, in vivo. The authors used a sandwich structure (scaffold-chondrocytes-scaffold) instead of the general construction composed of one layer. The small fibers diameters (0.16 - 1.872 µm) and the pore size (1 - 8.6 µm) were obtained by electrospinning. The hyaline cartilage ECM was produced after four weeks. The authors implanted the scaffold-cartilage device into the rabbits knees and histologically evaluated the recovery of a defect previously performed by the authors. After six months of implantation, a flat, smooth and well-integrated tissue, similar to the natural tissue, was obtained. The success of the nonwoven scaffold can be highlighted by the use of the multilayer constructs, which provided better cell protection, substrate guiding, cell attachment and growth.
Aesthetic reconstruction of microtia: a review of current techniques and new 3D printing approaches
Published in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2018
Maureen T. Ross, Rena Cruz, Courtney Hutchinson, Wendy L. Arnott, Maria A. Woodruff, Sean K. Powell
Tanzer (1959) developed the technique of carving autogenous costal cartilage in the 1950s which was a major revolution in the field of auricular reconstruction. This method of reconstruction is still regarded as the gold standard for microtia; however, it is also considered one of the most difficult operations in plastic surgery (Sabbagh 2011, Kludt and Vu 2014, Zhao et al. 2016). Brent (1999) and Nagata (1994a, 1994b, 1994c) pioneered current methods for autografting. Brent’s technique is a three or four stage process, which harvests less cartilage than the Nagata technique, therefore allowing for younger children to undergo the surgery (eight to nine years old) (Brent 1999, Kelley and Scholes 2007, Sabbagh 2011, Storck et al. 2014). The Nagata technique requires fewer stages, however, the technique is more challenging as it requires additional carving of the cartilage which forms the ear, plus it requires patients to be 10 years old with a minimum chest circumference at the xyphoid of 60 cm (Kelley and Scholes 2007, Baluch et al. 2014). Due to the invasive nature of surgery, these techniques present risks of infection and donor site complications including pneumothorax, atelectasis, scarring, thoracic scoliosis and chest-wall deformity (Romo and Reitzen 2008, Puppi et al. 2010, Kludt and Vu 2014, Park et al. 2016). It should also be noted that there are biochemical differences between auricular (elastic) cartilage and rib (hyaline) cartilage, with rib cartilage being much more rigid (Xu et al. 2005, Otto et al. 2015, Zhao et al. 2016).