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Iatrogenic tracheobronchial and chest injury
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Marios Froudarakis, Demosthenes Makris, Demosthenes Bouros
Endotracheal stents may also be placed in the trachea, after local treatment of the stenosis by electrocautery or laser or cryotherapy and successive dilatations.21 For iatrogenic tracheal stenosis we mostly use silicone-type Endoxane stents, which we introduce through the rigid bronchoscope after stenosis dilatation. In cases of inoperable benign tracheal stenosis associated with trachea wall lesions, the indication of stent placement is required.22 The stent should be removed 1–2 years later, resulting in definitive resolution of the stenosis in up to 50 per cent of cases. The main complications are a high migration rate (in about 18 per cent) and development of granulomas (in 15 per cent).23 However, newer silicone stents have a low rate of granuloma formation (7 per cent), and no migration has been reported.24 Metallic stents have a low migration rate, but the same rate of granuloma formation,18 and their extraction after a long period is difficult.25 However, some reports show positive results in extracting metallic covered stents with the newer nitinol stents. Therefore, careful choice of the stent is important for accurate treatment.
Measuring the Impact of Time Pressure on Team Task Performance
Published in Rhona Flin, Lucy Mitchell, Safer Surgery, 2009
Colin F. Mackenzie, Shelly A. Jeffcott, Yan Xiao
This chapter examines the impact of time pressure on trauma resuscitation team performance, by using tracheal intubation as a model to contrast task performance at two levels of task urgency, emergency and elective interventions, depending on the clinical circumstances. The task of tracheal intubation is very relevant to understanding anaesthesia activities during surgery, as it is a task carried out after induction of anaesthesia in the operating room. Tracheal intubation includes rendering unconsciousness (using anaesthetic and paralysing drugs if the patient is awake or semi-conscious) to stop breathing efforts or patient resistance and allow placement of an endo-tracheal tube through the mouth and between the vocal cords. The ‘airway management’ achieved by tracheal intubation is a lifesaving intervention when executed correctly in an emergency. However, it requires significant technical skill and has risks (vomiting and aspiration, detrimental changes in vital signs including cardiac arrest) that may even significantly outweigh the potential benefits of improved oxygenation and ventilation. The complications associated with task accomplishment may, themselves, become more life threatening than the problem that the intervention was intended to remedy. Several methods were considered to collect data to examine the impact of time pressure on tracheal intubation.
Coanda Effect in a Human Body
Published in Noor A. Ahmed, Coanda Effect, 2019
To understand the process, let us consider the human respiratory system, as depicted earlier in Figure 5.2 (c). Here the trachea is the windpipe or airway that connects the nose and mouth to the lungs. When a person inhales, it is through the windpipe that air flows into the lungs. Thus, a properly functioning and damage-free trachea is essential for respiration and survival.
Metachronal ciliary wave motion analysis on peristaltic flow of hyperbolic tangent nanofluid through an inclined magnetic field in a symmetric channel
Published in International Journal of Modelling and Simulation, 2023
Asha S. Kotnurkar, Namrata Kallolikar, Basma Souayeh
The periovarian area and the uterus are connected by a tiny vibrating structure called a cilium, which is also found in the respiratory system and the fallopian tube. The trachea contains cilia, which assist in breathing oxygen while also keeping harmful particles like dust from entering the body and removing them to the outside. Cilia are present in almost all organisms and aid ciliated protozoans in moving fluid through interior epithelial tissue. Two types of cilia can be found in biology that are motile and non-motile. Motile cilia that help remove bacteria from the lungs grow on the surface of tissues. Biomedical sciences are very interested in the cilia’s swinging movements, which produce a metachronal wave and peristalsis. The sinusoidal as well as metachronal waves work together to create the travelling wave because the systems are in a constant process. Such a travelling wave induces a fluid flow known as peristaltic-ciliary flow. A specific beat patter that alternates between the cilia rows controls the dynamics of the metachronal rhythm. This rhythm causes every stationary particle on the tip of the cilia to be transported in a specific direction. Only few references can be found in the literature, Asha and Namrata [37] studied the synovial problem of ciliary peristalsis. Further, Shaheen et al. [38] analysed the metachronal wave motion of non-Newtonian fluid and also peristalsis of viscous dissipation on Sisko fluid [39]. Recent references on this study are cited in the ref [40,41].
Design of 4D printed shape-changing tracheal stent and remote controlling actuation
Published in International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, 2021
Fenghua Zhang, Nan Wen, Linlin Wang, Yunqi Bai, Jinsong Leng
The trachea can keep the respiratory tract unobstructed [32], but the trachea is very fragile and vulnerable to various diseases [33–35]. As a common critical disease, airway stenosis is the main airway restriction caused by airway obstruction, which can cause dyspnea and even endanger the life of patients. However, due to the fragility and special structure of the trachea, it is difficult to repair the injured trachea [36–39]. Till now, endotracheal stent intervention is the most common and effective treatment of tracheal stenosis. In this process, the stent is implanted into the narrow trachea to reshape the diameter of the trachea, quickly relieve the airway stenosis and relieve the symptoms of dyspnea. NiTi shape memory alloy tracheal stent are commonly used in clinic. The main disadvantages of NiTi stents are difficult reduction, easy to cause tracheal obstruction if collapse occurs. In addition, it is difficult to remove after implantation. Moreover, tumor or granulation growth is easy to pass through the mesh. In view of the shortcomings of the above shape memory alloy tracheal stent, the shape memory PLA composite tracheal stent was designed with SMP as material, and the collapse of the stent was repaired with SMP of the stent. The degradability of SMP makes it unnecessary to remove the stent. Combined with 4D printing, the shape memory tracheal stent with complex and optimized structure can be customized.
3D bio-printing technology for body tissues and organs regeneration
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2018
Esmaeil Biazar, Masoumeh Najafi S., Saeed Heidari K., Meysam Yazdankhah, Ataollah Rafiei, Dariush Biazar
Many studies have turned to grafting technologies to overcome the unmet clinical needs facing tracheal repair. Tissue-engineered trachea (TET) can be used as an ideal solution for trachea replacement. By choosing suitable biomaterials and homogenous cells, TET can emulate similar biological structures and functions to that of native trachea. Several researchers have attempted to make trachea scaffolds by 3D-printing techniques [70–74]. Gao et al. [75] 3D printed a whole segment of rabbit trachea with poly-caprolactone (PCL) biomaterial, which had similar morphology to that of the native trachea. The 3D-printed scaffold was suspended in culture with chondrocytes cells. They illustrated properties of mature cartilage tissue after implantation of the chondrocyte-treated scaffold into the subcutaneous tissue of nude mice (Figure 3).