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Anti-Arthritic Potential of Gold Nanoparticle
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook, 2020
Jayeeta Sengupta, Sourav Ghosh, Antony Gomes
The summative effects of risk factors (intrinsic and extrinsic) initiate the commonest chronic joint disorder, osteoarthritis. It occurs when chondrocytes fail to maintain the homeostasis between production and degradation of extracellular matrix components on articular cartilage. Chondrocytes are influenced by growth factors, cytokines, and physical stimulations. The pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-15, interleukin-17, interleukin-18, tumor necrosis factor α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-4, interleukin-10, interleukin-13) are the most contributing pathophysio-logic factors in osteoarthritis. Pro-inflammatory cytokines destroy the joint cartilages, slower the rate of formation of extracellular matrix key components (including collagen fiber, proteoglycan, aggrecan), and release proteolytic enzymes that decompose joint cartilages. They also help in recruiting immune cells at the articular cartilage, producing inflammatory prostaglandins, cyclooxygenases, phospholipases, reactive oxygen species, and NO. Anti-inflammatory cytokines inhibit the synthesis and actions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibit apoptotic cell death of chondrocytes, reduce the synthesis of proteases, promote proteoglycan synthesis, and stimulate the production of growth factors.
Cartilage Mechanobiology
Published in Jiro Nagatomi, Eno Essien Ebong, Mechanobiology Handbook, 2018
Hai Yao, Yongren Wu, Xin L. Lu
In summary, articular cartilage is a unique, charged, hydrated soft tissue with multiple phases. The ability of articular cartilage to support physical loading depends on its biomechanical properties, which are in turn related to its own biochemical composition and architectural arrangements. Mechanical loadings produce complex physical–chemical environment changes around chondrocytes. For example, oscillatory and intermittent loading on cartilage produce dynamic fluid flow, which further produce convective transport and redistribution of the interstitial fluid phase, nutrients, molecular messengers, and electrolyte ions. Therefore, it is necessary to fully understand the biomechanical behaviors of cartilage in order to quantitatively describe the spatial–temporal characteristics of load-induced mechano-electrochemical signals surrounding the chondrocytes.
Tissue Structure and Function
Published in Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee, Building Tissues, 2018
Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent musculoskeletal disease in humans, affecting nearly 21 million Americans. It causes pain, loss of joint motility and function, and severely reduces the standard of living of the patient. OA is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of joint cartilage and predominately strikes adults older than age 45. Factors such as genetics, repetitive movement, trauma, and weight contribute to abnormal chondrocyte function and increased cartilage breakdown. OA can occur as a primary or secondary disorder, both of which are characterized by degeneration and loss of articular cartilage. Primary OA (idiopathic) is considered to be the result of insidious age-related “wear and tear” processes, whereas secondary OA develops following acute trauma. In both processes, disease is associated with excessive biomechanical stress.
Study on the poroelastic behaviors of the defected articular cartilage
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Yuqin Sun, Ningning Wang, Jianhao Yu, Yang Yan, Hao Dong, Xiaogang Wu, Meizhen Zhang, Yanqin Wang, Pengcui Li, Xiaochun Wei, Weiyi Chen
As the sole cellular component in cartilage tissue, the main responsibility of chondrocytes is to maintain the stability of the extracellular matrix (Benders et al. 2013). However, this stability is destroyed when the cartilage is defective, and chondrocytes needs to remodel it to find a new balance (Peng et al. 2021). A significant reduction in the synthesis of proteoglycans was observed in human osteoarthritis samples, which resulted in changes of the permeability and elastic modulus of the cartilage matrix. In turn, changes of the structure and composition of the extracellular matrix affect the fluid flow inside the tissue, which causes the chondrocytes to behave abnormally. It has been found that during the development of osteoarthritis, the elastic modulus of the extracellular matrix decreases (Armstrong and Mow 1982; Kiviranta et al. 2008) and the permeability increases (Nieminen et al. 2004; Knecht et al. 2006). Thus, different elastic modulus E (0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.69 MPa) and permeability k (3 × 10−18m2, 4 × 10−18m2, 5 × 10−18m2, 6 × 10−18m2) were simulated. The average values of p and v around the defect under different parameters are shown in Figures 16 and 17. On the whole, the p and v show the opposite trend, that is, when the p increases, the v decreases instead. The softening of the solid matrix and the increase in permeability both lead to a decrease in p and an increase in v.
Particulated juvenile articular cartilage allograft transplantation for osteochondral lesions of the knee and ankle
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Colleen M. Wixted, Travis J. Dekker, Samuel B. Adams
While certain techniques to treat OLTs transplant chondrocytes, PJCAT is the only technique that delivers viable juvenile chondrocytes in a scaffold-free environment. This is especially important for cartilage because mature chondrocytes produce very little extracellular matrix which is necessary for cartilage repair. Therefore, the delivery of juvenile chondrocytes is the primary advantage of this technique as these cells are known to produce extracellular matrix and can divide. Another major advantage of this technique is that the particulated nature of the graft obviates the need for perpendicular access, thereby eliminating the use of malleolar osteotomies in the ankle and the potential associated complications of nonunion or painful hardware that are common with this associated procedure. Moreover, the particulated nature of this technique lends itself to arthroscopic or mini-arthrotomy delivery. Additional advantages of this technique are its shallow learning curve, no graft contouring, no donor site morbidity, and a single surgery. The disadvantages of this technique are the fact that it is a relatively new procedure with limited patient data, there is a limited supply of juvenile donor cartilage, it is a relatively expensive treatment option compared with other techniques, and as with any allograft tissue, disease transmission concerns exist.
Nonwoven membranes for tissue engineering: an overview of cartilage, epithelium, and bone regeneration
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Thalles Canton Trevisol, Rayane Kunert Langbehn, Suellen Battiston, Ana Paula Serafini Immich
Not only PGA or PCL nonwoven fabrics were used to produce scaffolds for cartilage in tissue engineering applications. Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), poly(L-lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLL-CL), and other biopolymers, such as gelatin and collagen, were also studied. Kalaithong et al. [21] compared the production of P(LL-CL)/gelatin scaffolds using two techniques: electrospinning and wet spinning. The wet spinning nonwoven fabrics present larger pores and greater pliability, and are more suitable for cell infiltration, fluid absorption, and shape-forming. Whereas, the electrospun fabrics have better fiber, pore structures and are more uniformed. The authors did not evaluate any in vitro or in vivo culture of chondrocytes. However, because of these properties listed above and the non-cytotoxicity against mouse fibroblast in vitro, they considered the electrospun fabrics suitable for articular cartilage tissue regeneration.