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Toxicology of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Published in Jeffrey N. Anker, O. Thompson Mefford, Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Particles, 2020
Stephen J. Klaine, Jordan T. Burbage, Paul W. Millhouse, Unaiza Uzair, Jeffrey N. Anker
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), and adipocytes (fat cells). MSCs are traditionally found in the bone marrow but can also be isolated from other tissues including cord blood, peripheral blood, the fallopian tube, and fetal liver and lung tissue. MTT and comet assay results suggest that SPIONs do not adversely affect apoptotic frequency in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) (Arbab et al. 2003, Omidkhoda, Mozdarani, Movasaghpoor, & Fatholah, 2007). Ferumoxides (colloidal iron oxide) are used as an MRI contrast agent, particularly for the liver. In a study by Arbab et al. (2003), ferumoxides functionalized with (+)-poly-l-lysine were captured in the endosomes of non-dividing hMSCs. Iron was still detected in cells seven weeks later although it did not appear to alter growth rate or viability as compared to untreated controls (Arbab et al. 2003). Rat MSCs were not adversely affected after 48 hours by 25 or 50 μg/mL of 1-hydroxyethylidene-1.1-bisphosphonic acid (HEDP)-coated SPIONs; however, viability and in vitro differentiation potential of rMSCs diminished to 70% at 100 μg/mL (measured by MTS) (Delcroix et al. 2009).
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment of Cartilage Lesions in the Hip
Published in K. Mohan Iyer, Hip Joint in Adults: Advances and Developments, 2018
George Hourston, Stephen McDonnell, Wasim Khan
Several clinical studies investigating tissue regeneration approaches to chondral repair have been carried out, although these are largely in small patient groups and restricted to the knee [90–93]. It is therefore difficult to draw conclusions from such studies about the hip and how effective these therapeutic strategies will be for the population as a whole. In orthopaedics, the widespread application of MSCs in humans is hampered by our sheer lack of knowledge as to the physiology of these cells and also by concerns such as tumourigenicity [94]. Cancer formation is a possible outcome of stem cell transplantation, particularly with the aforementioned immunomodulatory effects of MSCs and the apparent knock-on effect on coagulation [95,96]. The safety and efficacy of MSCs must therefore be tested in clinical trials before MSC-based therapies become widely available. There are many open clinical trials listed in clinicaltrials.gov addressing OA with MSC-based therapies. Those investigating the hip joint are shown in Table 13.2 [97].
Biological-Derived Biomaterials for Stem Cell Culture and Differentiation
Published in Gilson Khang, Handbook of Intelligent Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2017
Different sources are concerned such as species of origin (mice, rat, human), developmental stage of the species (embryonic, fetal, adult), tissue of origin (hematopoietic, mesenchymal, skeletal, neural), and potential to differentiate (totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent).6 Adult stem cells found in tissue and organs include (1) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are thought to be a self-renewing population of cells that can give rise to differentiated cells found in adult tissues, and (2) bone marrow–derived MSCs, which are currently undergoing clinical trials for cardiac and orthopedic applications. The limitation of using adult stem cell, including the ability of proliferation and differentiation, decreases with the age of the donor and culture time, infrequent occurrence, restricted differentiation potential, poor growth. There are also stem cells in cord blood although broader application of cord blood transfusion is needed for sufficient cell numbers.
Molecular mechanisms underlying titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NP) induced autophagy in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Shunbang Yu, Yongping Mu, Xudong Zhang, Jian Li, Charles Lee, He Wang
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) originate in mesoderm in early life stage and differentiate into a number of cell types including bone, adipose, and cartilage. MSCs are normal resident cells predominantly present in bone marrow but also in adipose tissue, peripheral blood, cord blood, liver and fetal tissues (Freitas et al. 2017; Meirelles and Nardi 2009). In carcinoma progression MSCs participate in mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) processes, which are important for disease progression (Hugo et al. 2007; Lamouille, Xu, and Derynck 2014; Li et al. 2016). Ortiz et al. (2003) found that these cells became immobilized and migrated to injured tissue such as the lung enhancing tumor growth. Sanchez et al. (2011) noted that MSCs in tumor tissue activate autophagy to provide tumor stromal, which further stimulated tumor survival and growth. Following inhalation of TiO2NP, the particles were shown to be distributed to different organs including bone (Dobrzyńska et al. 2014). However, the effects of TiO2NPs on MSCs are not known. The objective of this study was to investigate the actions of TiO2NP on MSCs and determine whether involvement of oxidant stress, apoptosis and autophagy were associated with nanoparticle-initiated alterations as seen in other cell types.
3D bioprinting in orthopedics translational research
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
XuanQi Zheng, JinFeng Huang, JiaLiang Lin, DeJun Yang, TianZhen Xu, Dong Chen, Xingjie Zan, AiMin Wu
Printing the finished scaffolds is not enough, as the successful application of cell-laden scaffolds in tissue engineering requires a good fit between cells and scaffolds, which requires an in-depth understanding of tissue structure and cellular ecology [48–50]. Biological printing in the narrow sense is cell printing. Unlike conventional tissue engineering methods that separate stent manufacturing and cell adhesion, the great advantage of 3D bioprinting is its ability to achieve the spatial distribution of multiple cells and to promote cell adhesion. There is growing evidence that cell behavior in the three-dimensional environment of the scaffold is very different from that of the laboratory in a two-dimensional (2D) culture [51]. Therefore, it is vital to choose the right cells based on the premise of having scaffolds with excellent performance. Seed cells that are used as an addition to bone substitute scaffolds should include the characteristics of being widely sourced, availability, easy to isolate and culture, low antigenicity, and high proliferative capacity. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) is one of the best choices in tissue engineering, especially for bone regeneration. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have strong proliferative capacity and multidirectional differentiation potential, and under the specific inductions, MSCs can not only differentiate into hematopoietic cells in vivo or in vitro but can also differentiate into myocytes, hepatocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and stromal cells. Current studies show that the MSCs that are laden in the scaffolds can regulate the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes and local MSCs by the paracrine effect, including the secretion of grow factors. In other words, the effect of tissue repair is achieved mainly by changing the local microenvironment rather than transforming directly into the target cell, and the cells involved in tissue repair are mainly the cells of the recipient itself rather than exogenous MSCs [52, 53].