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Revolutionary Approaches of Induced Stem Cells in Disease Prevention
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are remarkably similar to embryonic stem cells in genotypic and phenotypic properties, can be derived from human somatic tissues (Park et al., 2008 b). Many comparative studies are reported that explained the molecular and functional similarities and differences between embryonic stem cells and iPSCs, for example Chin et al. (2009) compared three human embryonic stem cells lines and five iPSCs lines by microarray technique and identified hundreds of differentially expressed genes. They proposed that iPSCs are unique and may be considered as a subtype of pluripotent cells with potential remedial property (Chin et al., 2009). Deng et al. (2009) performed the targeted bisulfite sequencing of three human embryonic stem cell clones and four induced pluripotent stem cell lines and reported that there are differences in DNA methylation between these two types of cell lines. Subsequently, other studies also compared the gene expression between embryonic stem cells and iPSCs and found persistent donor cell gene expression in iPSCs (Ghosh et al., 2010; Marchetto et al., 2009). Later, other studies stated persistent donor cells epigenetic memories in human iPSCs (Kim et al., 2011) suggesting its application in disease model development, drug screening, drug discovery, and preclinical toxicological assessment.
Fundamentals of biology and thermodynamics
Published in Mohammad E. Khosroshahi, Applications of Biophotonics and Nanobiomaterials in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
Another type of cell that has received considerable attention during recent years is the stem cell. Stem cells can be thought of as blank cells that have yet to become specialized (differentiated), giving them the characteristics of a particular type of cell, such as the ones described above. Stem cells thus have the ability to become any type of cell to form any type of tissue (bone, muscle, nerve, etc.). The three different types of stem cells are (i) embryonic stem cells, which come from embryos, (ii) embryonic germ cells, which come from testes, and (iii) adult stem cells, which come from bone marrow. Embryonic stem cells are classified as pluripotent because they can become any type of cell. Adult stem cells, on the other hand, are multipotent in that they are already somewhat specialized.
Bladder Tissue Engineering
Published in Gilson Khang, Handbook of Intelligent Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2017
Stem cells are capable of self-renewal and most of the time stem cells are quiescent. Upon signaling from the environment stem cells undergo an asymmetric division leading to a transient amplifying cell and a stem cell. Transient amplifying cells will expand and differentiate to the desired cell type. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, but ethical considerations limit the use of these cells for tissue engineering. Recent developments in the field of stem cells research have led to the generation of induced progenitor cells, which can be generated from somatic cells of every individual.71–73 These cells may eventually be the ideal source for tissue engineering, albeit that ethical issues and differentiation hurdles still exist. Adult tissue-specific stem cells or progenitor cells have the capacity to self-renew and generate functional differentiated cells that replenish cells but the number of replications is limited.74
Regulation of stem cell fate and function by using bioactive materials with nanoarchitectonics for regenerative medicine
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
Wei Hu, Jiaming Shi, Wenyan Lv, Xiaofang Jia, Katsuhiko Ariga
Pluripotent stem cells, such as human ESCs and iPSCs, are important for regenerative medicine and disease models. Human organoids generated from pluripotent stem cells provide unique strategies to capture important features of tissues in vivo [170]. To generate human organoids, pluripotent stem cells are cultured and differentiated in Matrigel-based substrates. Secreted by Engelbreth–Holm–Swarm mouse sarcoma cells, Matrigel is a complex mixture of various ECM proteins, proteoglycans and growth factors [171]. This tumour-derived Matrigel with un-uniform composition and structure has limited clinical translational potential. The mechanism that the biophysical cues of Matrigel affect the growth and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells remains unclear.
Dental research in New Zealand, past, present, and future
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Jonathan M. Broadbent, Carolina Loch, Richard D. Cannon
Imaging and biofabrication technologies are revolutionising many aspects of healthcare. There are great prospects for the development of novel scanners that can detect early stages of oral defects and disease. Intraoral digital scanning has already transformed the design and manufacture of dental restorations and prostheses. Combining intraoral scanning with 3D-printing has enabled the construction of stents to guide oral surgery. Meanwhile, the ability to induce stem cells to differentiate into various tissue types opens up the possibility of incorporating pluripotent cells from patients into novel scaffolds to enable tissue regeneration in those patients, rather than using abiotic restorations.