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Monitoring, Controlling, and Improving Engineered Tissues Nanoscale Technologies and Devices for Tissue Engineering
Published in Šeila Selimovic, Nanopatterning and Nanoscale Devices for Biological Applications, 2017
Irina Pascu, Hayriye Ozcelik, Albana NdreuHalili, Yurong Liu, Nihal Engin Vrana
The problems encountered with cell sources have been partially overcome by the availability of stem cell sources. Pluripotent stem cells, with their ability to differentiate many tissue types and to proliferate rapidly, provide a venue to obtain the large amount of cells that is necessary for macroscale tissue engineering applications. However, when stem cells are used, the directed differentiation of cell populations into different cell types simultaneously in microenvironments is a necessity for the development of more complex organs and tissues [7]. Also, the addition of the differentiation step into the production line of tissue engineering brought in the requirement for closer monitoring of the structure as tumor formation and cell dedifferentiation had become real concerns. Moreover, the large-scale processing of stem cells under reproducible conditions is not a trivial problem [8]. Regardless, there have already been clinical applications of stem cell–based engineered tissues, such as in the case of the bladder and trachea [9].
Fundamentals of biology and thermodynamics
Published in Mohammad E. Khosroshahi, Applications of Biophotonics and Nanobiomaterials in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
Another type of cell that has received considerable attention during recent years is the stem cell. Stem cells can be thought of as blank cells that have yet to become specialized (differentiated), giving them the characteristics of a particular type of cell, such as the ones described above. Stem cells thus have the ability to become any type of cell to form any type of tissue (bone, muscle, nerve, etc.). The three different types of stem cells are (i) embryonic stem cells, which come from embryos, (ii) embryonic germ cells, which come from testes, and (iii) adult stem cells, which come from bone marrow. Embryonic stem cells are classified as pluripotent because they can become any type of cell. Adult stem cells, on the other hand, are multipotent in that they are already somewhat specialized.
Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
Another possible cell source akin to progenitor populations is embryonic stem cells. While progenitor cells are highly proliferative, extensive expansion in monolayer culture can retard growth rates, shorten telomeres, and reduce multipotency (Bruder et al. 1997; Banfi et al. 2002; Baxter et al. 2004; Parsch et al. 2004; Vacanti et al. 2005). Embryonic stem cells, however, have an unlimited capacity for proliferation, and, hence, are attractive for tissue engineering endeavors that require large cell numbers (Mikos et al. 2006; Koay et al. 2007). These cells are truly pluripotent, showing a capacity to differentiate into any cell type in the body. However, researchers do not currently know the best ways to differentiate embryonic stem cells along every lineage. Some protocols have better efficacy than others, though; for example, by using established differentiation protocols, good results have been obtained for the chondrocytic lineage of human embryonic stem cells (Koay et al. 2007; Hoben et al. 2008; Koay and Athanasiou 2008, 2009; Hwang and Elisseeff 2009). As with all treatments using embryonic stem cells, there are potential problems with teratoma formation, poorly controlled cell proliferation or differentiation, and possible immunogenicity issues since the cells come from an allogeneic source. Ethical concerns have also been raised since an embryo typically has to be destroyed to establish a population of embryonic stem cells.
Down-regulation of pluripotency and expression of SSEA-3 surface marker for mesenchymal Muse cells by in vitro expansion passaging
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2019
Ali M. Fouad, Mahmoud M. Gabr, Elsayed K. Abdelhady, Sahar A. Rashed, Sherry M. Khater, Mahmoud M. Zakaria
Stem cells can be divided as embryonic and non-embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the gold standard for pluripotent stem cells which can differentiate into the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm). In the developing embryo, pluripotent stem cells are the origin of somatic and germline cells [1]. Adult stem cells as embryonic stem cells are all undifferentiated cells. However, the differentiation capacity of adult stem cells is limited to its origin. Hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells are the main identified types of adult stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells can be obtained from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, and peripheral blood and are capable of generating all cell lineage found in mature blood [2]. While mesenchymal stem cells, in the suitable environment have the ability to differentiate into chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteocytes [3], and can be obtained from bone marrow as a primary source, fat tissue and umbilical cord [4]. In 2006, a scientific breakthrough was performed by Yamanaka and colleagues after generating pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells by genetic manipulation with pluripotent markers, these cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) [5].
Regulation of stem cell fate and function by using bioactive materials with nanoarchitectonics for regenerative medicine
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
Wei Hu, Jiaming Shi, Wenyan Lv, Xiaofang Jia, Katsuhiko Ariga
Pluripotent stem cells, such as human ESCs and iPSCs, are important for regenerative medicine and disease models. Human organoids generated from pluripotent stem cells provide unique strategies to capture important features of tissues in vivo [170]. To generate human organoids, pluripotent stem cells are cultured and differentiated in Matrigel-based substrates. Secreted by Engelbreth–Holm–Swarm mouse sarcoma cells, Matrigel is a complex mixture of various ECM proteins, proteoglycans and growth factors [171]. This tumour-derived Matrigel with un-uniform composition and structure has limited clinical translational potential. The mechanism that the biophysical cues of Matrigel affect the growth and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells remains unclear.
Dental research in New Zealand, past, present, and future
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Jonathan M. Broadbent, Carolina Loch, Richard D. Cannon
Imaging and biofabrication technologies are revolutionising many aspects of healthcare. There are great prospects for the development of novel scanners that can detect early stages of oral defects and disease. Intraoral digital scanning has already transformed the design and manufacture of dental restorations and prostheses. Combining intraoral scanning with 3D-printing has enabled the construction of stents to guide oral surgery. Meanwhile, the ability to induce stem cells to differentiate into various tissue types opens up the possibility of incorporating pluripotent cells from patients into novel scaffolds to enable tissue regeneration in those patients, rather than using abiotic restorations.