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Ethics in Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
The excitement about stem cell research is primarily because of the medical benefits in areas of regenerative medicine and therapeutic cloning. Stem cells provide huge potential for finding treatments and cures for a vast array of diseases, including different cancers, diabetes, spinal cord injuries, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and more. There is endless potential for scientists to learn about human growth and cell development from studying stem cells. Use of adult-derived stem cells from blood, skin, and other tissues has been demonstrated to be effective for treating different diseases in animal models. Umbilical cord-derived stem cells have also been isolated and utilized for various experimental treatments. Although cell lines derived from adult stem cells trigger no ethical issues, there are some disadvantages or shortcomings compared to embryonic cell lines, because they are difficult to isolate, poor in quantity, and unsuitable for long-term expansion.
Embryonic Stem Cells
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Dan S. Kaufman, James A. Thomson
Stem cells are defined as specific cell types that have two important properties: self-renewal and differentiation. Self-renewal refers to the ability of these cells to undergo cell division for prolonged periods as cells that maintain multipotent potential without evidence of differentiation down a particular developmental lineage. However, in the proper environment or with the proper stimuli, a stem cell retains the ability to form more specialized cells such as blood, muscle, liver, or skin. Broadly speaking, there are two main categories of stem cells: “adult” stem cells and embryonic stem cells. Adult stem cells are derived from post-natal tissue and are typically thought to have a limited developmental potential. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) found in the bone marrow produce blood cells, neural stem cells (NSCs) found in the central nervous system give rise to neurons and glial cells, hepatic stem cells found in the liver, produce hepatocytes and biliary cells are all examples of adult stem cells. In contrast, ES cells are derived from preimplantation blastocysts and have the potential to form any cell type in the body.
Ethics in biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
The excitement about stem cell research is primarily due to the medical benefits in areas of regenerative medicine and therapeutic cloning. Stem cells provide huge potential for finding treatments and cures for a vast array of diseases, including different cancers, diabetes, spinal cord injuries, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and more. There is endless potential for scientists to learn about human growth and cell development from studying stem cells. Use of adult-derived stem cells from blood, skin, and other tissues has been demonstrated to be effective for treating different diseases in animal models. Umbilical cord-derived stem cells have also been isolated and utilized for various experimental treatments. Although these cell lines derived from adult stem cells trigger no ethical issues, there are some disadvantages or shortcomings compared to embryonic cell lines, because they are difficult to isolate, poor in quantity, and unsuitable for long-term expansion.
Derivation of induced pluripotent stem cell lines from New Zealand donors
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2022
Jin Kyo Oh, Aneta Przepiorski, Hao-Han Chang, Rachel C. Dodd, Veronika Sander, Brie Sorrenson, Jen-Hsing Shih, Jennifer A. Hollywood, Janak R. de Zoysa, Peter R. Shepherd, Alan J. Davidson, Teresa M. Holm
In his pioneering work published in Cell in 2007 (Takahashi et al. 2007), Shinya Yamanaka demonstrated reprogramming of adult somatic cells into a pluripotent state by ectopic expression of the four transcription factors OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4 and cMYC (aka OSKM or ‘Yamanaka’ factors). Like embryonic stem cells (ESC), these ‘induced pluripotent stem cells’ (iPSC) are capable of indefinite self-renewal as well as differentiation into the three germ layers and subsequently all cell types of the body (Evans and Kaufman 1981; Martin 1981). As such, iPSCs circumvent restrictions and ethical concerns and represent a unique source of cells for studying developmental processes and disease mechanisms. The reprogramming technology also allows for generating patient-specific iPSCs, thus paving the way to personalised therapies for various diseases and injuries, such as type 1 diabetes and spinal cord injury (Pagliuca et al. 2014; Millman et al. 2016; Gazdic et al. 2018).
Down-regulation of pluripotency and expression of SSEA-3 surface marker for mesenchymal Muse cells by in vitro expansion passaging
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2019
Ali M. Fouad, Mahmoud M. Gabr, Elsayed K. Abdelhady, Sahar A. Rashed, Sherry M. Khater, Mahmoud M. Zakaria
Stem cells can be divided as embryonic and non-embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the gold standard for pluripotent stem cells which can differentiate into the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm). In the developing embryo, pluripotent stem cells are the origin of somatic and germline cells [1]. Adult stem cells as embryonic stem cells are all undifferentiated cells. However, the differentiation capacity of adult stem cells is limited to its origin. Hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells are the main identified types of adult stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells can be obtained from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, and peripheral blood and are capable of generating all cell lineage found in mature blood [2]. While mesenchymal stem cells, in the suitable environment have the ability to differentiate into chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteocytes [3], and can be obtained from bone marrow as a primary source, fat tissue and umbilical cord [4]. In 2006, a scientific breakthrough was performed by Yamanaka and colleagues after generating pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells by genetic manipulation with pluripotent markers, these cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) [5].
Bionic bone structure: Establishment of joint model based on bone nanopores structure and its mechanical behavior and biocompatibility
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022
Ning Li, Qinghua Zhuo, Kaihuan Yu, Weiping Dong, Deqiang Chen, Rongquan Zheng
The loss of human function or psychological injury caused by bone injury is even more important, bone tissue needs to be repaired and improved by itself. Bone growth plays an important function in bone reconstruction, but the original bone cells required for bone growth automatically disappear when the bone age reaches a certain level [21–29]. This requires unique stem cells or mesenchymal stem cells in the blood to achieve this function. Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into mature cell types. The applications of stem cells can generate new bone tissue and repair damaged bone tissue. The neuronal system in bone tissue also needs to be reconstructed. The induced pluripotent stem cells in mesenchymal stem cells are used to form high-quality neuron cells in the embryonic body, which grow into dendrites and axons, and form a perfect neuronal system [12, 22–24]. In order to get the mechanism of the growth and the repair of the bone tissue, the finite element technology was used to visual representation of the model of the structure of active cells and bone tissue. The design and performance of bionic materials are related to the actual body structure. The simulation and in vitro test used in the research process are based on the integrated system condition and complete function body structure. The preparation of bionic bone also needs to consider individual factors in the actual design, and use reverse engineering to modify the bone shape to meet individual needs. The growth pattern and process of active cells were observed and analyzed in a set humoral growth environment, and the growth and repair of bone tissue were also simulated and analyzed from the section test of bionic bone. The growth process of active cells and neurons in bone substitute materials is shown in Figure 8.