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Extracellular Matrix: The State of the Art in Regenerative Medicine
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Gurpreet Singh, Pooja A Chawla, Abdul Faruk, Viney Chawla, Anmoldeep Kaur
There are currently four main categories of stem cells that have the clone ability and differentiate into particular types of cells.Embryonic stem cells: Derived from the initial developmental phase of few days old embryos at the blastocyst stage. It has the potential to differentiate into various cells with a distinct biological response. Such cells are known as pluripotent (Romito and Cobellis 2016).Foetal stem cells: Isolated from aborted human foetuses, especially foetal blood, foetal tissues, and also bone marrow. They have the ability to differentiate but not all cells. They are known as multipotent and have been utilised in the regeneration and repair of damaged tissues/organs (Biehl and Russell 2009).Cord blood and placental stem cells: Obtained from umbilical cord blood and placentas. They possess the therapeutic potential and used in bone-marrow replacement therapies. They are not able to differentiate into all types of cells (Weiss and Troyer 2006).Adult stem cells: They are the most abundant cells, which are used for various therapies/conditions. They are isolated from almost all human tissue and organs. They are known as “somatic stem cells” (Liras 2010).
Foams in Tissue Engineering
Published in S. T. Lee, Polymeric Foams, 2022
Chenglong Yu, Zhutong Li, Leah K. Gause, Huaguang Yang, Lih-Sheng Turng
Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated cells in the inner cell mass of blastocysts in the early stage of embryonic development (about 5–7 days after fertilization). According to the differentiation potential, embryonic stem cells could be divided into three types. The first category is totipotent stem cells, which have the differentiation potential to form a complete individual. The second type is pluripotent stem cells, with the potential to differentiate into a variety of tissues, but without the ability to form a complete individual. The third type is multipotent stem cells, possessing the capability to differentiate into one or two closely related types of cells [126,130]. Of note, one should realize that it might take a long time for embryonic stem cells to be applied for clinical application. This is because one cannot induce the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into specific cell types effectively, and it is difficult to obtain non-immunogenic embryonic stem cells. In addition, the safety of embryonic stem cells should be considered [131,132].
Fundamentals of biology and thermodynamics
Published in Mohammad E. Khosroshahi, Applications of Biophotonics and Nanobiomaterials in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
Another type of cell that has received considerable attention during recent years is the stem cell. Stem cells can be thought of as blank cells that have yet to become specialized (differentiated), giving them the characteristics of a particular type of cell, such as the ones described above. Stem cells thus have the ability to become any type of cell to form any type of tissue (bone, muscle, nerve, etc.). The three different types of stem cells are (i) embryonic stem cells, which come from embryos, (ii) embryonic germ cells, which come from testes, and (iii) adult stem cells, which come from bone marrow. Embryonic stem cells are classified as pluripotent because they can become any type of cell. Adult stem cells, on the other hand, are multipotent in that they are already somewhat specialized.
Epigenotoxicity: a danger to the future life
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Farzaneh Kefayati, Atoosa Karimi Babaahmadi, Taraneh Mousavi, Mahshid Hodjat, Mohammad Abdollahi
ESCs have a role in making the three main layers of the embryo (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) under the regulation of epigenetic factors. Phthalates- dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) can function as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDCs). In vivo tests such as whole embryo culture (WEC) or embryonic stem cell tests (ESTs) have reported that EDCs (like phthalate) can dysregulate regular hormonal activity. The result was deficiencies in neuro-endocrine development, thyroid hormone dysregulation, impaired male reproductive health, and pre-term birth.[199] Due to replacing nickel ΙΙ with cofactor iron ΙΙ in iron (II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent Tet dioxygenases enzymes after nickel exposure, DNA hypermethylation was observed in some genes (GPT, MGMT, RAR-β2, RASSF1, and CDKN2A). This mechanism resulted in downregulation of these genes and negative effects on embryonic stem cells.[221]
The individual and combined effects of spaceflight radiation and microgravity on biologic systems and functional outcomes
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2021
Jeffrey S. Willey, Richard A. Britten, Elizabeth Blaber, Candice G.T. Tahimic, Jeffrey Chancellor, Marie Mortreux, Larry D. Sanford, Angela J. Kubik, Michael D. Delp, Xiao Wen Mao
Several studies specifically investigating the effects of microgravity on embryonic stem cell function have identified a deficit in differentiation capabilities in both true and simulated microgravity conditions.211,212 Specifically, in spaceflight-induced microgravity mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) appear to maintain proliferative functions while failing to express genes required for germ layer differentiation.212,213 In simulated microgravity experiments with ESCs, results are ambiguous, with some studies reporting increased differentiation, while other studies report decreased adhesion and cell death. Parabolic flight is another method that has been used to simulate microgravity, with an added hypergravity component. Mouse ESCs exposed to parabolic flight showed significant alterations to gene expression, including cell proliferation, apoptosis and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF- β) signaling.214 These cells also demonstrated increased differentiation into cardiomyocyte colonies following parabolic flight, as has been shown in several studies on the Space Shuttle.212,214
Heparin mimics and fibroblast growth factor-2 fabricated nanogold composite in promoting neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Fei Yu, Shaoyu Cheng, Jiehua Lei, Yingjie Hang, Qi Liu, Hongwei Wang, Lin Yuan
mESCs possess unique capabilities to proliferate in an undifferentiated state with long-term self-renewal, as well as differentiate into most cell types under appropriate conditions. Several key transcription factors are central to the gene regulatory network responsible for self-renewal and pluripotency. Among them, the transcription factor octamer-binding transforming factor 4 (OCT-4), has been longwise thought to be recognized as gatekeeper for embryonic stem cell pluripotency [55]. When differentiation initiating, the differentiation signaling can promote mESCs exit from self-renewal and decrease the pluripotency; meanwhile upregulation of differentiation-related genes and downregulation of stem cell pluripotency genes, for example the Oct-4, could be observed [56,57]. To evaluate the effect of the designed AuNP-PMS/FGF2 nanoparticle composite on the pluripotency of mESCs, the transcriptional expression mRNA levels of Oct-4 were determined by quantitative RT-PCR. As seen from Figure 4, the Oct-4 mRNA expression levels in cells treated by AuNP/FGF2 and AuNP-PMS show a little decrease compared with the blank, but when PMS and FGF2 coexisted in the culture medium, Oct-4 mRNA expression levels decreased obviously, only around 54% of that in blank, indicating that the transcription of gene Oct-4 was downregulated and the pluripotency of mESCs is greatly inhibited by treatment with both PMS/FGF2 and AuNP-PMS/FGF2. These results suggested that the simultaneous presence of PMS and FGF2 in the culture medium could significantly promote stem cells exit from pluripotency and initiate the differentiation of mESCs.