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Comparison of Healing Effect of DMSP in Green Sea Algae and Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Various Inflammatory Disorders
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
The clinical trial with DMSP have been not performed although DMSP proves to be safe and useful for humans. Okinawans who have eaten a lot of green sea algae had maintained a long life in Japan until their lives became Westernized in recent years. Moreover, the diets fed with 5% dried green sea algae (Monosodium nitidun) proved to ameliorate the loss of learning and memory of SAM P8 strain (Nakajima & Minematsu, 2002). The clinical test should be singly tried with raw and dried green algae and in combination with MSCs in various ways. The clinical trial with iPSc was performed for patients suffereing from Parkinson’s disease in Kyoto University Hospital in November 9, 2018, in which 2.4 million allogeneic dopaminergic progenitors formed from iPSc were introduced into bilateral corpus striatum through a kind of syringe needle from a hole (1.2 Φcm.) on the brain skull by Prof. Takahashi, J. et al. by the same methods as those in DBS operation. Human iPS cell-derived dopaminergic neurons proves to function in Parkinson’s disease of monkey (Kikuchi et al., 2017). However, there remain two big problems, tumorigenesis and immune rejection, in clinical trials with iPSc. Recently, iPSc which is easier to undergo immune rejection seems to have been developed using gene editing method with CRIPS-Cas9 (Xu et al., 2019). The clinical trials in heart infarct, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, and others are expected to succeed in obtaining various detailed conditions by the safety and availability of these treatments for these diseases in humans.
Tissue Engineering in Reconstruction and Regeneration of Visceral Organs
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Soma Mondal Ghorai, Sudhanshu Mishra
Success has been achieved on reconstruction of all the four organs namely liver, lungs, kidney, and heart by the progressive top-down method that uses whole organs as the scaffold (Ott et al., 2008, 2010; Petersen et al., 2010; Song et al., 2013; Crapo et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2015). Whole organs can be achieved from either the donor or from the cadavers that are decellularized using SDS and Triton X-100 (Keane et al., 2015). This method had the benefit of innate matrix configuration and multifaceted architecture to restore functional whole organs that may be used in therapeutics for organ transplantation. Scaffolds are obtained with both native structure and a complex matrix that maintains the spatial dispersal of ECM proteins (Nakayama et al., 2010). Cell seeding of these scaffolds has seen tremendous popularity with the advances in stem cell technology. Most notably, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that are created by using reprogramming factors on adult somatic cells have the ability to differentiate into all cell types in the body (Malik and Rao, 2013; Shi et al., 2016). Thus, the regenerative property of the stem cells into multiple cell lineage differentiation may progress to higher level recellularization and organ-specific function (Ren et al., 2015; Huang et al., 2013; Lu et al., 2013).
Overview of Recent Trends in Stem Cell Bioprocessing
Published in V. Sivasubramanian, Bioprocess Engineering for a Green Environment, 2018
M. Jerold, V. Sivasubramanian, K. Vasantharaj, C. Vigneshwaran
Stem cells are widely explored in biomedical industries for various clinical trial experiments seeking to develop various therapeutic drugs. The MSCs are especially used in trials for the treatment of conditions such as stroke and other neurological disorders (Giordano et al., 2007; Uccelli et al., 2011). However, human PSCs are also used in clinical trial related to spinal cord injury and macular degeneration (Watson and Yeung, 2011; Schwartz et al., 2012). In particular, cardiomyocytes generated out of PSC are widely recognized by various cardiovascular drug researchers, mainly because of the inadequacy of drug translation effects in the human cardiac system due the presence of only single ion channels in the conventional animal models (Dick et al., 2010; Deshmukh et al., 2012). Pathology and disease progression can be determined using iPSC technology. The prominent feature of iPSCs is their replication of the disease in the host cells (Robinton and Daley, 2012). These applications are possible only if there are large numbers of stem cells available in a guaranteed quality.
Assessing the in vitro toxicity of airborne (nano)particles to the human respiratory system: from basic to advanced models
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2023
Maria João Bessa, Fátima Brandão, Fernanda Rosário, Luciana Moreira, Ana Teresa Reis, Vanessa Valdiglesias, Blanca Laffon, Sónia Fraga, João Paulo Teixeira
For the assessment of (nano)particle toxicity in the respiratory tract, advanced 3D in vitro tissue models have been emerging as promising systems over traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. These models contain different cell types in varied orientation and number that need to be organized in a structure that reflects the tissue of interest. These cultures are often obtained from donor-derived primary cells or from stem cells such as Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)), and are commonly grown in tissue-specific scaffolds (Carvalho et al. 2020; Kastlmeier et al. 2022; Langhans 2018). These models either mimic normal or diseased tissues (Jackson and Lu 2016; Sotty et al. 2019). Advanced multicellular 3D lung tissue models better reflect cellular interactions observed in vivo and, therefore, enable investigation of the cellular interplay between different cell types following (nano)particle inhalation exposure. Some of these respiratory models display active ciliary beating and mucus production that mimic mucociliary clearance defense systems (George et al. 2019; Kooter et al. 2017).
Di-n-butyl phthalate disrupts neuron maturation in primary rat embryo neurons and male C57BL/6 mice
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Seulah Lee, Wonjong Lee, Seonguk Yang, Yeon Ji Suh, Dong Geun Hong, Seung-Cheol Chang, Hyung Sik Kim, Jaewon Lee
It was reported previously that a mutation in heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA (m.3243A>G), which impairs mitochondrial respiratory function, inhibits the neuron maturation of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons (Yokota et al. 2017). Xie et al. (2019) showed that enhanced mitochondrial respiratory activity by lutein enhanced neuronal differentiation in SH-SY5Y cells through the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. These findings suggest that modulation of mitochondrial respiratory function is closely associated with maturation during neuronal differentiation. In the present study, DBP at 100 μM diminished neuronal maturation by elevating levels of the immature neuronal marker DCX and blocked mitochondrial respiration. Interestingly, mitochondrial respiratory activity and DCX/MAP2 ICC findings suggested DBP is potentially neurotoxic at 100 μM that is at levels considered safe based upon data on cell viability and intracellular ROS production. Previously Lee et al. (2018) and Cho et al. (2018) reported that double DCX/MAP2 ICC might be effective for assessing the neurotoxic effects of environmental toxins such as acrylamide and bisphenol A at low concentrations. Similarly, DBP was found to delay neuronal maturation in our study using DCX/MAP2 ICC indicating a neurotoxic response.
Melt-based, solvent-free additive manufacturing of biodegradable polymeric scaffolds with designer microstructures for tailored mechanical/biological properties and clinical applications
Published in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2020
Zijie Meng, Jiankang He, Jiaxin Li, Yanwen Su, Dichen Li
Recently, EHD bioprinting has been proposed as a feasible way to mimic the microarchitectures and mechanical properties of native myocardium for cardiac tissue engineering. EHD-bioprinted hexagonal microstructural myocardial scaffolds exhibited mechanical properties analogous to native myocardial muscle in comparison with those of the scaffolds with rectangular microstructures as shown in Figure 8(a and b) (Castilho et al. 2018). The scaffolds can enhance human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes maturation, with in vitro results revealing increased bearing rate, enhanced cell alignment and an increase in cardiac maturation-related marker expression. Additionally, the EHD-bioprinted scaffolds also showed injectability as well as shape recovery capability after delivery onto a beating porcine heart (Figure 8(c)).