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Design of an Intelligent System for Diabetes Prediction by Integrating Rough Set Theory and Genetic Algorithm
Published in Teena Bagga, Kamal Upreti, Nishant Kumar, Amirul Hasan Ansari, Danish Nadeem, Designing Intelligent Healthcare Systems, Products, and Services Using Disruptive Technologies and Health Informatics, 2023
Shampa Sengupta, Kumud Ranjan Pal, Vivek Garg
Diabetes [2] can occur if the body cannot generate insulin or is unable to use produced insulin properly. Our daily food is broken down into glucose and enters into our bloodstream. Insulin hormone has an important role in our body to metabolise glucose. Today many people are suffering from diabetes mellitus. The causes behind this are lifestyle, age, bad diet, obesity, high blood pressure, etc. Diabetic people have a risk of diseases like vision loss, heart disease, stroke, nerve damage and kidney disease. General symptoms of diabetes are weight loss, increased hunger, extreme fatigue, blurry vision, frequent urination, etc. Diabetes is of three types: type 1 diabetes [3], type 2 diabetes [4] and type 3 diabetes [5], which is called gestational diabetes. Each type of diabetes is caused for different reasons. Non-production of insulin is the main cause behind type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes patients require insulin to inject and are referred as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients. Genetics and lifestyle factors causing extra weight are the reasons behind type 2 diabetes, also referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients. In type 2 diabetes the patient’s cells are unable to use insulin properly. Hormonal changes during pregnancy can cause gestational diabetes. Hormones, which are produced by the placenta, make a pregnant woman’s cells almost insensitive to the effects of insulin.
Solutions Using Machine Learning for Diabetes
Published in Punit Gupta, Dinesh Kumar Saini, Rohit Verma, Healthcare Solutions Using Machine Learning and Informatics, 2023
Jabar H. Yousif, Kashif Zia, Durgesh Srivastava
The National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention (CDC) in the US describes diabetes as a long-term condition in which the human body does not process food entirely for producing energy. The recent commonly known types of diabetes are Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, also called insulin-dependent, is typically caused by genetic and environmental factors. Type 2 diabetes, or non-insulin-dependent, occurs because of older age, history of gestational diabetes, and unhealthy lifestyle, including physical inactivity and obesity. Gestational diabetes develops in women during pregnancy and disappears after delivery of the baby [16].
Role of Nanotechnology in Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetes
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Nagamony Ponpandian, Nanophytomedicine, 2023
Eveline M. Anto, Anaga Nair, Jayamurthy Purushothaman
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease affecting 463 million people globally and is estimated to reach 700 million by 2045 (Saeedi et al., 2019). The current treatment approach focuses on disease management by insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes and oral hypoglycaemic drugs for type 2 diabetes. Diabetic patients need to regularly monitor their blood glucose levels using a glucometer to detect episodes of hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia that may otherwise be missed. Current treatment strategies for diabetes are inadequate in terms of the invasive nature of blood glucose monitoring, lack of consistent glucose monitoring when a patient is engaged in some way such as sleeping or driving, multiple insulin injections leading to lower patient compliance, low oral bioavailability and adverse side effects of antihyperglycaemic drugs. Hence, there is a need to develop better diagnostic and treatment strategies for effective disease management to avoid long-term microvascular complications, such as, neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy. Nanotechnology-based approaches are gaining momentum in terms of efficient glucose monitoring and better drug delivery compared to conventional methods. This chapter will discuss the various emerging nanotechnology approaches for invasive and noninvasive continuous blood glucose monitoring and nanotechnology-based oral delivery systems for insulin for better management of diabetes (Figure 12.1).
Sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT2) inhibition: A potential target for treatment of type-2 Diabetes Mellitus with Natural and Synthetic compounds
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Shubham Batra, Prabhjeet Kaur Bamrah, Manjusha Choudhary
Diabetes mellitus is a serious, chronic disorder that significantly harms people’s lives, families, and societies everywhere. The three primary types of diabetes are type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) has been documenting the prevalence of diabetes globally, regionally, and nationally since 2000. Despite the sustainable development goal (SDG) of reducing premature death from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by one-third by 2030, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is expected to be 700 million by 2045 [1,2], and although there are numerous antidiabetic agents, many of them have unfavorable side effects and known consequences that impair quality of life. Hence, there is a need to develop new therapeutic agents with lesser complications(these lines written by author).
Horticultural crops as natural therapeutic plants for the therapy of diabetes mellitus
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Balikis Oluwakemi Mustapha, Olufemi Temitope Ademoyegun, Rabiat Shola Ahmed
Diabetes mellitus is a long-term metabolic disorder that occurs as a result of the body’s inability to produce or use insulin and this affects human physical, social and psychological health. The pancreas produces insulin in the body which helps to convey blood sugar from the bloodstream to the cells which further breaks down and is used as fuel for normal body metabolism. The disease is typically attributed to lack of glucose homeostasis brought on by errors in insulin production or activity which in turn result in an improper metabolism of glucose and other sources of energy like protein and lipid. This is frequently accompanied by a loss of energy and body weight as well as significant alterations in lipid metabolism. Diabetes can cause serious side effects such as blindness, stroke, heart attack, liver malfunction, nerve damage and kidney failure if it is not treated properly [2]. They occur in two types, namely, Type 1 (also known as Juvenile type) which is insulin-dependent and hereditary. It is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system accidentally attacks the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. This type is common in children and adolescents.
Comparative assessment of blood glucose monitoring techniques: a review
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2023
Nivad Ahmadian, Annamalai Manickavasagan, Amanat Ali
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the oldest diseases in human history as documented by ancient Egyptians. Avicenna (980–1037 AD) illustrated the first reference of urinary diabetes observation in his medical encyclopaedia “The Canon of Medicine” [1]. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that impairs the glycemic profile of the body. The body’s primary source of energy is glucose which is released after the breakdown of dietary carbohydrates after their consumption [2]. Insulin is a critical hormone, which is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. It regulates blood glucose levels and functions in maintaining the body's metabolism [2]. In case the body cannot produce enough insulin or cannot effectively consume the produced insulin, type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) occur, respectively [2]. The average concentration of fasting blood glucose (FBG) level must be 70–99 mg/dL (4–6mmol/L), and two hours after having a meal, the blood glucose (BG) level must be <140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) [2]. Any value lower or higher than the normal range of BG is reflected as hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia and can lead to health complications.