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Seating for pregnant workers based on subjective symptoms and motion analysis
Published in Rani Lueder, Kageyu Noro, Hard Facts about Soft Machines:, 2020
The results of the subjective symptom survey are given in Table 24.1. The terms first trimester, second trimester, and third trimester in the table signify 2–4, 5–7, and 8–10 months of pregnancy, respectively.
Seeing with Sound: Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging
Published in Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman, Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman
A normal pregnancy lasts 40 weeks on average; by convention, gestation is divided into three roughly three-month-long periods called trimesters. Obstetrical ultrasound imaging can be performed any time after approximately the fifth week of pregnancy, at which point the gestational sac is visible in the uterus, although more information is gleaned the further along the pregnancy is. Early ultrasound can confirm the pregnancy, and distinguish between normal and abnormal pregnancies (such as a “blighted ovum” in which no fetus can be seen in the amniotic sac). By about seven weeks, the fetal heart motion is visible, and the broad outlines of the developing fetus can be resolved (Figure 4.20b). Later exams can distinguish in great detail many anatomical features of the fetus and placenta.
Designing for Lower Torso and Leg Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Spinal posture changes as the weight of the fetus moves the body’s center of gravity forward. Pregnant women frequently complain of low back pain and alter their activities because of that pain. LaBan and Rapp (1996, p. 474) state that low back pain in pregnancy, like most low back pain, has no clear single cause. They suggest posture change, pelvic girdle joint instability, plus hormonal, mechanical, and vascular factors contribute to low back pain in pregnancy. Due to multiple factors, low back pain in pregnancy is difficult to treat with a wearable product. Östgaard, Zetherström, Roos-Hansson, and Svanberg (1994) suggest pre-pregnancy fitness programs as a back-pain prevention plan.
Longitudinal anthropometric changes of pregnant women: dynamics and prediction
Published in International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education, 2020
Mahendran Balasubramanian, Kathleen Robinette
Following gestation, the body of a woman undergo rapid changes in size, shape and weight. The pregnancy period is divided into trimesters, the first 12 weeks after conception as the first trimester, weeks13–26 and weeks 27-postdelivery as the second and third trimesters. Noticeable anthropometric changes occur in the bust and abdomen region around the 4th month (Gersh & Gersh, 1981). Also, throughout the period of pregnancy, changes in body proportion occur in the region of abdomen, gluteal, thoracic, femoral and arm area (Komarkova & Glombikova, 2013). Although, changes in the body differ among women, most of the pregnant women experience drastic changes during the last two trimesters of pregnancy. The body shape changes are influenced by the position of the child in the pelvis, either in the lower pelvis or in the higher regions of the abdominal cavity (Sohn & Bye, 2012). Concomitant weight changes are also noticed in pregnant women, along with body shape and measurement changes.