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Normal Anatomy of the Female Pelvis and Sonographic Demonstration of Pelvic Abnormalities
Published in Asim Kurjak, Ultrasound and Infertility, 2020
The most common acquired anomaly of the uterus are uterine fibroids or leiomyomata, which are present in more than 20% of all women over 35 years of age.36 The sonographic diagnosis of uterine fibroma is based on texture changes, distortion of the uterine contour, and uterine enlargement. The typical ultrasound image of fibroma is that of a hypoechoic intrauterine mass that affects the homogenicity of the normal uterine contour. Uterine enlargement is relatively constant, but not a pathognomonic sign of uterine fibroma. The uterus may be generally enlarged and present globular contours; conversely, separate nodules can be seen with a lobular uterine contour. It has been shown that uterine enlargement occurs in 66% of cases of histologically proven fibromas, while contour distortion and textural changes are seen in 76 and 68% of cases, respectively.37 Contour distortion seems to be the most sensitive parameter of tumor presence, unless it is large enough to be visualized as a distinctive mass (Figure 28).
Toxic Responses of the Female Reproductive System
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
Joana Chakraborty, Maureen McCorquodale
The central nervous system (CNS) plays an integrative role in the reproductive process. The neurons in the hypothalamus of the brain secrete the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). The anterior pituitary cells have receptors for GnRH. In response to GnRH, the anterior pituitary cells secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). FSH secretion is necessary for the development of the follicles, while both FSH and LH are needed for their final maturation and a burst of LH is required for ovulation and the initiation of corpus luteum formation. Estrogens, the female sex hormones, are produced by the theca cells and the corpus luteum. Granulosa cells also produce estrogens, which remain in the follicular fluid. Mature corpus luteum secretes progesterone. Progesterone is responsible for changes in the endometrium of the uterus. If the implantation takes place, then the early embryo, is capable of prolonging the life of the corpus luteum. The implanting embryo, which is now called the blastocyst is composed of different types of cells. The syncytiotrophoblast cells of the blastocyst produce a hormone which is called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This hormone is critical for maintaining the progestagenic activity of the corpus luteum. After the formation of the placenta, various hormones are secreted by this organ which become central to the maintenance of pregnancy. Exogenous chemicals altering the placental activity may be damaging or lethal to the fetus.
Reproductive system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The ovaries are paired organs that lie on either side of the uterus adjacent to the lateral pelvic wall. The paired uterine (fallopian) tubes measure approximately 10 cm in length and connect the lateral margin of the fundus of the uterus with the ovaries (Fig. 8.1a). The uterus is situated posterior to the bladder (Fig. 8.1b) and anterior to the rectum. It is divided into three portions: the body, the cervix and the fundus. The body of the uterus comprises three layers: Perimetrium – a covering of peritoneum.Myometrium – a thick muscle layer.Endometrium – the lining of the uterus.
The Combined Effect of Aqueous Tulasi Extract and Electrical Pulses on the Viability of HeLa Cells
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Jeya Shree Thulasidas, Gowri Sree Varadarajan, Lakshya Mittal, Raji Sundararajan
Cervical cancer ranks fourth for both cancer incidence and mortality among females and more than a quarter of its global burden is contributed by developing countries. According to GLOBOCAN 2018, 569,847 cervical cancer cases were registered contributing to 13.1% of all cancer cases worldwide [1]. India has the highest burden of cervical cancer in the world. In India, 96,922 cases were recorded for the incidence of cervical cancer and 60,078 cervical cancer deaths were registered. This accounts for 17% of cervical cancer cases worldwide [2]. Cervical cancer treatment depends upon the stage of cancer. Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are the most commonly used cervical cancer treatments. Surgery involves the removal of uterus (hysterectomy) to prevent recurrence. Only early-stage cervical cancer is treated with surgery. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays or protons, to kill cervical cancer cells. Radiation therapy may be used before surgery to shrink a tumor or after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells. Radiation therapy cannot be used to treat advanced cervical cancer. Chemotherapy is used for systemic treatment. Low dose chemotherapy fails to cure advanced cervical cancer. High dose of the chemotherapeutic drug is used to treat advanced cervical cancer. Commonly used cervical cancer drugs are Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Paclitaxel, Topotecan, and Gemcitabine [3]. When these drugs are administered in higher doses, they cause severe side effects [4] and patients have a poor quality of life. There is a critical need to find an alternate cancer treatment which is affordable and gentle to the patients with no or less side effects. In this context, the focus is increasing to discover and develop drugs from natural bioactive compounds, which offer less side effects [5–7]. The use of herbal plants for the treatment of cancer is an excellent alternative to conventional toxic chemotherapeutic drugs.