China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Reproductive system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The main indication is pelvic congestion syndrome (ovarian vein reflux), caused by the presence of varicose veins in the pelvis, particularly in the ovarian veins. This is a painful condition that is much more common in women who have had multiple pregnancies. If the venous valves fail to function, then the blood flows backwards and this reverse flow can cause the pelvis veins to stretch and enlarge. The majority of cases involve the left side, where blood from the left kidney can flow back down the left ovarian vein into the pelvis. This can lead to vulval varices and can contribute to varicose veins in the legs and cause pelvic congestion syndrome. Right-sided varices can be caused by incompetence of the right ovarian vein, but also reflux across the midline from an incompetent left vein. Symptoms vary from a dull dragging aching in the back or loin to severe discomfort, especially after exercise or prolonged standing. There may also be urogenital symptoms such as painful intercourse and menstruation and bladder irritation. Ovarian vein incompetence can also contribute to venous return problems in the legs, such as varicose veins. Imaging of pelvic congestion syndrome involves assessment via ultrasound and MR venography supplemented, when indicated, with catheter venography.
The Thoracolumbar Spine and Pelvis
Published in Melanie Franklyn, Peter Vee Sin Lee, Military Injury Biomechanics, 2017
Melanie Franklyn, Brian D. Stemper
The main functions of the pelvis are to support and transfer weight from the axial to the appendicular components of the skeleton, to provide attachment points for muscles and ligaments used while walking, and to protect the abdominal and pelvic contents (Moore et al. 2015). Some of the salient features of the female pelvis, when compared to that of the male, are its greater width, with more flared iliac wings and a larger more oval-shaped aperture as opposed to the more circular or heart-shaped inlet in the male. These features of the female pelvis enable the weight of the foetus to be supported during pregnancy and facilitate childbirth.
Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics
Published in Emeric Arus, Biomechanics of Human Motion, 2017
The pelvis is a rigid massive bony basin connecting the trunk and the lower extremities. The pelvis is made up of three different and distinctive bones: The upper portion made up of two bones named ilium, the middle part which is somehow a lower part is the pubis, and the bottom portion is the ischium. The two ilium bones are united by the sacrum bone and the pubis bone is united by pubic symphysis. The total unification (fusion) of these bones occurs at the time of puberty. At the lower extremity of the sacrum is a tiny bone named coccyx or tailbone.
Intrinsic factors contributing to elevated intra-abdominal pressure
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Stefan Niederauer, Grace Hunt, K. Bo Foreman, Andrew Merryweather, Robert Hitchcock
Pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) often result from damage or weakening of the musculoskeletal tissues that line the bottom of the abdominal cavity. PFDs will affect 1 in every 4 women during their lifetime (Nygaard 2008). A woman’s lifetime risk of surgical intervention for PFDs is 10%, and 30% of women receiving surgery will undergo 2 or more procedures (Nygaard 2008; DeLancey 2005). The pelvic floor is responsible for supporting pelvic organs, such as the bladder, uterus, and rectum, and plays a key role in proper function of these organs. When the pelvic floor cannot provide adequate support, symptoms of urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, and pelvic organ prolapse develop. The weight of pelvic organs produces strain on the pelvic floor, and this strain can increase during dynamic activities and is often measured as intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). While the exact role of IAP on PFDs is still uncertain, there is a predominant hypothesis that high IAP overloads the pelvic floor, and over time can damage the musculoskeletal tissues (Bø and Nygaard 2020).
A computational study of organ relocation after laparoscopic pectopexy to repair posthysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2020
Pelvic organ prolapse is a common complication in multiparous elderly women caused by a weakening, laxity or reduced stiffness of the supporting network of pelvic muscles, ligaments and connective tissues which hold the pelvic organ after menopause (Olsen et al. 1997; Martins et al. 2011; Bhattarai et al. 2018). Vaginal/cervical vault prolapse is the descent of the vaginal apex or cuff scar which can occur either in combination with uterine prolapse or post-hysterectomy (up to 40%), after surgical removal of the uterus, and can coexist with the prolapse of the bladder (cystocele), urethra (urethrocele), rectum (rectocele) or small bowel (enterocoele) (Seder 1958). Various operative approaches such as sacrocolpopexy, pectopexy, sacrospinous/iliococcygeus fixation and cervicosacropexy for the repair of the prolapse have been reported (Paraiso et al. 1996; Beer and Kuhn 2005; Silva et al. 2005; Demirci et al. 2007; Banerjee and Noé 2011). The choice of operation depends on the patient’s age, severity of the prolapse, postoperative mesh-related complications, co-morbidity, previous surgery, the level of physical and sexual activity and the experience of the surgeon (Flynn and Webster 2002).
Automatic reduction planning of pelvic fracture based on symmetry
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2022
Chunpeng Zhao, Mingjun Guan, Chao Shi, Gang Zhu, Xiangyang Gao, Xiangrui Zhao, Yu Wang, Xinbao Wu
As a severe injury with mortality between 10% and 16% and morbidity between 50% and 60% (Brenneman et al. 1997; Cimerman and Kristan 2007; Dagnino et al. 2016b), pelvic fracture is commonly caused by traumatic events, including traffic accidents, falls, landslides, earthquakes and other natural disasters. The first and most important step in surgical treatment is fracture reduction, so as to restore the anatomical structure and stability of pelvic ring, especially for those unstable and displaced pelvic fractures. As the junction between legs and trunk, poor reduction of the pelvic could lead to malunion, unequal length of legs and secondary dysfunction of the lumbar spine, hip and knee, which will have serious impacts on patients’ life.