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Reconstruction of 3D models from medical images: Application to female pelvic organs
Published in João Manuel, R. S. Tavares, R. M. Natal Jorge, Computational Modelling of Objects Represented in Images, 2018
Soraia Pimenta, João Manuel, R.S. Tavares, Renato Natal Jorge, Fátima Alexandre, Teresa Mascarenhas, Rania F. El Sayed
The pelvic floor is the main responsible organ for supporting the intestines, the bladder and the uterus. It is composed by muscle fibres, and is thus a very thin, heterogeneous and badly defined structure, very difficult to distinguish in medical images, Figure 3. Consequently, all the attempts to segment automatically the pelvic floor did not produce acceptable results, so manual segmentation had to be applied.
Reproductive system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Chronic female incontinence is usually due to weakness of the pelvic floor, often as a result of parturition. Imaging should aim to assess the anatomy of the pelvic organs and pelvic floor and their supporting structures, and to define abnormal dynamics.
Intrinsic factors contributing to elevated intra-abdominal pressure
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Stefan Niederauer, Grace Hunt, K. Bo Foreman, Andrew Merryweather, Robert Hitchcock
Pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) often result from damage or weakening of the musculoskeletal tissues that line the bottom of the abdominal cavity. PFDs will affect 1 in every 4 women during their lifetime (Nygaard 2008). A woman’s lifetime risk of surgical intervention for PFDs is 10%, and 30% of women receiving surgery will undergo 2 or more procedures (Nygaard 2008; DeLancey 2005). The pelvic floor is responsible for supporting pelvic organs, such as the bladder, uterus, and rectum, and plays a key role in proper function of these organs. When the pelvic floor cannot provide adequate support, symptoms of urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, and pelvic organ prolapse develop. The weight of pelvic organs produces strain on the pelvic floor, and this strain can increase during dynamic activities and is often measured as intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). While the exact role of IAP on PFDs is still uncertain, there is a predominant hypothesis that high IAP overloads the pelvic floor, and over time can damage the musculoskeletal tissues (Bø and Nygaard 2020).
Effect of bladder and rectal loads on the vaginal canal and levator ani in varying pelvic floor conditions
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2018
Arnab Chanda, Vinu Unnikrishnan
The female pelvic system is one of the most complex biomechanical systems, the study of which can be mainly categorized under obstetrics and gynecology [1]. The most important organ in the female pelvic system is the vaginal canal, which is connected to the urinary bladder on the anterior side and rectum in the posterior side by fascial (musculo-connective) tissue contacts shown in Figure 1. The pelvic floor muscles support the pelvic organs, holds them in place and allows them to interact normally. During the various stages of labor and childbirth, the vaginal structure undergoes drastic changes, accompanied by tissue stiffening and weakening of the pelvic floor muscles [2]. This often leads to a medical condition known as pelvic organ prolapse (POP) [3, 4], where the pelvic organs may prolapse onto the vaginal canal causing discomfort, pressure, stress urinary incontinence (SUI) [5], or sexual dysfunction. A condition in which the urinary bladder prolapses onto the anterior vaginal wall (AVW) is known as Cystocele, which is the most common form of POP suffered by over 300,000 women in the United States every year. Rectocele, which involves the prolapse of the rectum onto the posterior vaginal wall (PVW) is the second most common form of POP. Extensive anatomical studies on the female pelvic system, and cohort studies with POP patients have allowed doctors to understand the symptoms associated with prolapse. However, to date, there is a significant lack of understanding on the induced mechanics of prolapse, which is based on the interactions between the pelvic organs and the vaginal canal under varying pelvic floor conditions.