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Endocrine Disruptors
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes, 2020
In this sense, a combination of five pesticides with dissimilar mechanisms of action produced greater androgen sensitive end-point responses than would be expected using response-addition modeling.[70] Deltamethrin, methiocarb, prochloraz, simazine, and tribenuron-methyl are all commonly used for agricultural and horticultural purposes. In vivo, the levator ani/bulbocavernosus muscle and adrenal gland weight changes indicated that the pesticides had an accumulating effect that was not observed for the individual pesticides. Several pesticide-induced gene expression changes were observed, indicating that these may be very sensitive antiandrogenic end points. In another study,[71] dexamethasone appeared to exacerbate the reproductive anomalies induced by in utero exposure of male rats to dibutyl phthalate.
Normal Anatomy of the Female Pelvis and Sonographic Demonstration of Pelvic Abnormalities
Published in Asim Kurjak, Ultrasound and Infertility, 2020
Other anatomical structures that can be consistently demonstrated by sonography within lesser pelvis are the pelvic musculature and blood vessels. Visualization of these structures is less important from a clinical standpoint. The obturator internus muscle occupies a large part of the anterior and lateral pelvic walls and is demonstrated as a well-defined hypoechoic ovoid structure. The levator ani muscle is seen on a transverse scan at the level of the cervix and vaginal fornices and denotes the pelvic diaphragm. Other muscles forming the pelvic diaphragm are rarely seen because of their deep position.
Reproductive system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The prostate gland is situated between the neck of the bladder and the levator ani muscle, lying in the pelvic cavity immediately in front of the rectum and just behind the symphysis pubis and surrounds the commencement of the urethra.
A computational study of organ relocation after laparoscopic pectopexy to repair posthysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2020
At supine rest, the pelvic floor is subjected to a continuous pressure of 0.5 kPa from the abdominal space, during supine Valsalva manoeuvre, 4 kPa intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is additionally applied on the upper surface of the organs (Cobb et al. 2005). The inner surface of the bladder is subjected to a fluid pressure of 600 mm H2O = 5.8 kPa. Based on the integral theory, the lateral vaginal wall transmits muscle contractions against suspensory ligaments; the levator ani muscle pulls the vagina posteriorly and inferiorly against the apical ligaments (Petros 2011).