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Integration Aspects of AI, IoT, Big Data, and Blockchain in Healthcare Industry
Published in Pushpa Singh, Divya Mishra, Kirti Seth, Transformation in Healthcare with Emerging Technologies, 2022
Ashwani Kumar, Deena Nath Gupta, Rajendra Kumar
Smart insulin is a type of smart medicine that adjusts to changing blood glucose levels automatically. Insulin is released in proportion to blood sugar levels, whether they are low or high. A smart insulin patch developed by researchers at the University of North Carolina is used to give insulin by using a microneedle. There is no risk of the beta cells being rejected by the immune systems of persons with type 1 diabetes because they are kept in a patch on the outside of the body (Panchal et al., 2011). Patients are in the ideal position to understand what is going on inside their bodies, and they are more prepared than ever to visit the doctor. Patients are more aware, educated, and health-conscious than ever before. However, in varying degrees, this might result in mental distress and hypochondria.
Flexible and Wearable Chemical Sensors for Noninvasive Biomonitoring
Published in Daniel Tze Huei Lai, Rezaul Begg, Marimuthu Palaniswami, Healthcare Sensor Networks, 2016
Hiroyuki Kudo, Kohji Mitsubayashi
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is well known as a lifestyle-related disease, and it is becoming a serious health problem worldwide. Diabetes occurs when there is a defect in insulin secretion (type 1) or there are both a defects in insulin secretion and insulin resistance (type 2). Regardless of the type, patients with diabetes are suffered from chronic elevated blood-sugar levels (hyperglycemia; Leahy 1996). Type 2 diabetes often results from excess body weight and physical inactivity. Although several symptoms of diabetes have been recognized, such as excessive thirst or urination, hunger, weight loss and acetone-smelling breath, patients often do not recognize these until the disease has reached an advanced stage. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes can cause serious microvascular complications (diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy; Fuller et al. 1983; Campbell and White 2002). Insulin therapy is a widespread treatment for diabetes and is delivered by injection. Since patients with type 1 diabetes have an absolute insulin deficiency, they depend on injected insulin for survival. Individuals with type 2 diabetes, which is also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), do not require exogenous insulin to survive in most cases. However, the failure of antidiabetic drugs may warrant commencement of insulin therapies to maintain normal glucose levels.
Flexible Electronic Technologies for Implantable Applications
Published in Muhammad Mustafa Hussain, Nazek El-Atab, Handbook of Flexible and Stretchable Electronics, 2019
Diabetes is one of the most prevalent diseases globally, and its effects on the human body are not hidden. Glucose monitoring devices have been in the consumer market for a long time and are nowadays available as point-of-care diagnostic sticks that give instant readings by pricking the fingertips and drawing a small blood sample. For chronic monitoring and automated control of insulin pumping in the blood, implantable alternatives have been researched over the years and have been successfully demonstrated that trigger the alarm for manual injection of insulin or automatically infuse the required quantity in the blood on the onset of changed blood sugar levels (Montornes et al. 2008; Juanola-Feliu et al. 2014).
Compositional isotemporal substitution analysis of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic biomarkers in US adults: A nationally representative study
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Jinqun Cheng, Yanhong Huang, Zhiqiang Ren, Peng Xu, Jianyi Tan, Baoying Huang, Yue Chen, Ziqiang Lin, Yanhui Gao
We found that replacing SB with MVPA/LPA was associated with lower levels of insulin and HOMA-IR. Insulin is a key hormone that acts as a cell metabolism regulator in many tissues of the human body (Janus et al., 2016). Insulin resistance is defined as a decrease in tissue response to insulin stimulation, so the typical manifestation of insulin resistance is hyperinsulinemia (Ormazabal et al., 2018). HOMA-IR is an important indicator for evaluating insulin resistance. Studies have shown that physical activity can significantly reduce the risk of developing insulin resistance by improving the individual's glucose tolerance and insulin action (Hawley, 2004). There is a positive association between insulin resistance and atherosclerosis, and decreasing insulin resistance may contribute to a decrease in CVD (Ormazabal et al., 2018). Therefore, physical activity plays an essential role in the treatment of insulin sensitivity and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (Borghouts & Keizer, 2000). Besides, we found that only SB replaced by MVPA was significantly negatively associated with 2-h glucose. Studies have shown that elevated fasting glucose levels are associated with a progressively high risk of CVD (Almourani et al., 2019). MVPA has the benefits of enhancing glucose uptake and improving glucose tolerance. As the time of MVPA increases, blood glucose will decrease (Montero et al., 2016). They indicate that MVPA may be used as an alternative and efficient approach to prevent and improve diabetes and CVD.
Comparative assessment of blood glucose monitoring techniques: a review
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2023
Nivad Ahmadian, Annamalai Manickavasagan, Amanat Ali
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the oldest diseases in human history as documented by ancient Egyptians. Avicenna (980–1037 AD) illustrated the first reference of urinary diabetes observation in his medical encyclopaedia “The Canon of Medicine” [1]. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that impairs the glycemic profile of the body. The body’s primary source of energy is glucose which is released after the breakdown of dietary carbohydrates after their consumption [2]. Insulin is a critical hormone, which is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. It regulates blood glucose levels and functions in maintaining the body's metabolism [2]. In case the body cannot produce enough insulin or cannot effectively consume the produced insulin, type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) occur, respectively [2]. The average concentration of fasting blood glucose (FBG) level must be 70–99 mg/dL (4–6mmol/L), and two hours after having a meal, the blood glucose (BG) level must be <140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) [2]. Any value lower or higher than the normal range of BG is reflected as hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia and can lead to health complications.
Smart Technique of Insulin Dose Prediction for Type-1 Diabetic Patients
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Variety of insulin types are available in the market to treat T1DM patients. Insulin types have two broad categories: short-acting insulin and long-acting insulin based on their action [20,21]. The short-acting insulin’s effect is immediate and lasts for a short duration. Suppose the insulin dose given to a patient consists of only short-acting insulin type and dose value is larger than require, it may induce the hypoglycemic condition in the patient. The effect of long-acting insulin is gradual and long-lasting. If the predicted insulin dose given to a patient consists of only long-acting insulin type, it may prolong the hyperglycaemic condition. The predicted insulin dose should be an appropriate mix of short-acting and long-acting insulin types to avoid these situations. The dose should try to stabilize the increased post-meal BG level within a short time while avoiding the hypoglycemic condition. It should also attempt to keep the BG level under control for a long duration.