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Intelligent Ovarian Detection and Classification in Ultrasound Images Using Machine Learning Techniques
Published in Ayodeji Olalekan Salau, Shruti Jain, Meenakshi Sood, Computational Intelligence and Data Sciences, 2022
V. Kiruthika, S. Sathiya, M.M. Ramya
In diagnostic ultrasound, transvaginal ultrasonography is the first and primary choice for diagnosis of ovulatory disorders (Hamm, 1994). The transvaginal scan gives precise information about the ovarian reserve, status of the growth of the follicle, size of the follicle, response of follicular growth due to hormonal stimulations, expected time for the rupture of the follicles, size, shape, location and number of follicles/cysts. Hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) (Luderer, 2014), prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (Goswami et al., 2009) are vital in infertility treatment. Anaemia (Singh et al., 2006) and type II diabetes (Szaboova and Devendra, 2015) are also a common cause of infertility. Appropriate blood tests will give a clear diagnostic value of the required hormone parameters that would help in diagnosis and treatment.
Endocrine Disruptors
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes, 2020
Another important route of EDC exposure is occupational. Relatively high levels of exposure to environmental endocrine disrupters in the form of pesticides occur among people working in agriculture. Some pesticides are able to influence the synthesis, storage, release, recognition, or binding of hormones, which may lead to alterations in reproductive hormone levels. The issue of male infertility caused by occupational exposure is pertinent worldwide. A significant increase in the incidence of male infertility has been described in the international literature. Part of this effect may result from synthetic toxic substances acting on the endocrine system, many of which are routinely used in work processes. However, progress is needed in the knowledge of possible effects of exposure on male fertility since monitoring these effects requires sufficient time for the manifestations to occur. Such progress will allow the development of preventive measure within the field of workers’ health.[64]
Controlled Release of Hormones by Pellet Implants
Published in Emmanuel Opara, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, 2020
Hormones are biological molecules secreted by the endocrine glands, circulate in the blood stream, and influence the target cell by using specific receptors. Almost every cell of our body is a target for one or more than one hormone. Hormones function as chemical messengers used by endocrine system to communicate and coordinate between various organ systems in the body. Hormones govern various physiological, morphological, and behavioral phenomena. The pleiotropic potential of hormones –that is their capacity to regulate multiple traits simultaneously – renders them particularly suited to control complex physiological and phenotype changes (Hau 2007). Studying the effect of a given hormone system in an experimental setup has been there for centuries. In one of the first endocrine experiments ever recorded, Professor Arnold A. Berthold (1803–1861) of Gottingen did a series of tests on roosters in 1849 while he was curator of the local zoo. Berthold found that a rooster’s comb is an androgen-dependent structure. Following castration, the comb atrophies, aggressive male behavior disappears, and interest in the hens is lost. Importantly, Berthold also found that these castration-induced changes could be reversed by administration of a crude testicular extract (or prevented by transplantation of the testes). Similarly, in 1889 Brown-Séquard reported the effect of testicular extract from animals in humans (Brown 1889).
The effect of sex hormones on skeletal muscle adaptation in females
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Sarah E. Alexander, Alexander C. Pollock, Séverine Lamon
Sex steroids (also known as gonadocorticoids, and commonly referred to as sex hormones) are steroid hormones produced by the gonads, adrenal glands and a number of peripheral tissues. These hormones play an integral role in the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics and the maintenance of the reproductive system (Widmaier, Raff, & Strang, 2014). All sex steroids share the same chemical backbone, which is the product of a common biosynthesis pathway stemming from cholesterol. According to their number of carbon atoms, they can be classified into androgens (19C), estrogens (18C) and progestogens (21C). Sex hormones bind to their specific receptors located at the surface of the cell membrane and/or in the nucleus. Upon ligand binding, these receptors trigger a multitude of molecular signalling cascades, allowing sex steroids to exert their effects on their target tissues, including skeletal muscle (Ekenros, Papoutsi, Friden, Dahlman Wright, & Linden Hirschberg, 2017). Skeletal muscle is one of the main tissues that underpin sex-based differences in humans. Skeletal muscle has the second highest number of genes (up to 3000) that are differentially expressed between males and females (Oliva et al., 2020), leading to sex-specific structural and functional differences. These differences are driven, in part, by varying concentrations of sex hormones.
The combined effects of noise and vibration stress on sex hormone levels, fertility capacity, and the protective role of cinnamon extract in rats: an experimental study
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Hamideh Pirami, Ali Khavanin, Farshad Nadri, Ali Tajpoor, Younes Mehrifar, Zohreh Mazaheri Tirani
One of the effects of these two factors is the effect on sex hormones and fertility capacity. This study was designed as the first study in this area (combined study of the two factors noise and vibration on fertility). A comparison of sex hormone levels and fertility capacity in groups exposed to vibration and those in groups exposed to noise showed that vibration is less damaging to the male reproductive system. However, more research is needed to draw more precise conclusions and understand the mechanisms involved. Cinnamon extract reduced the destructive effects of noise and vibrations to some extent. However, more research is needed to determine the optimal dosage of cinnamon extract, as well as its uses in human and occupational communities.
Prevalence and factors associated with burnout among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Togo, June 2021
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Yawo Apélété Agbobli, Yao Rodion Konu, Fifonsi Adjidossi Gbeasor-Komlanvi, Arnold Junior Sadio, Martin Kouame Tchankoni, Joël Anani, Nomessi Akliku, Akila Wimima Bakoubayi, Didier Koumavi Ekouevi
In our study, the prevalence of burnout was higher in women but the difference was not statistically significant. A meta-analysis of 13 studies with 33,062 HCWs reported more anxiety and depression in women compared to men.33 These results were also found in several studies.32,34 Khasne in India reported that women had a higher risk of personal and work-related burnout.32 Some authors suggest that risk factors for depression in women are likely to be biological, such as fluctuating hormones during the menstrual cycle.35 Further studies are needed to document this aspect in Togo.