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The Biosphere
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
found in tryptophan. There are 20 common amino acids in proteins, examples of which are shown in Figure 21.3. The amino acids are shown with uncharged –NH2 and –CO2H groups. Actually, these functional groups exist in the charged zwitterion form as just shown for glycine.
Amino Acids and Vitamin Production
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Most proteins are enzymes in nature. Therefore amino acids are very significant for living organisms. Amino acids have a high amount of nitrogen and thus are distinguished from lipids and carbohydrates. On the other hand, vitamins are essential micronutrients required for a wide variety of metabolic processes. These are usually required in trace quantities. Vitamins can be classified into two types: fat soluble vitamins: vitamin K, vitamin E, vitamin D, vitamin A; and water-soluble vitamins: vitamin B, vitamin C. Vitamin B-12 is a part of the B vitamin family (consisting of 8 other vitamins) that performs a key function in healthy brain and nervous control. It is involved in various cellular metabolic processes as well as DNA and fatty acid synthesis. It plays a vital role in the catabolism of threonine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Lack of vitamin B-12 can lead to a variety of deficiency symptoms and overall lethargy and tiredness (Vandamme, 1992).
Arsenals of Pharmacotherapeutically Active Proteins and Peptides: Old Wine in a New Bottle
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Swati Gokul Talele, Tatiana G. Volova, A. K. Haghi, Biologically Active Natural Products, 2020
Based on dietary needs, the amino acids are classified into three groups: Essential Amino Acids: The amino acids which cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be supplemented through diet are referred to as essential amino acids. For example, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, tryptophan, threonine, valine, lysine, and phenylalanine.Non‑Essential Amino Acids: The amino acids which can be synthesized by the human body and need not be supplemented by the diet are referred to as non-essential amino acids. For example, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and asparagine.Conditional Amino Acids: The amino acids which are required during the time of illness and stress but not usually essential are referred to as conditional amino acids. For example, arginine, cysteine, glutamine, tyrosine, glycine, proline, and serine [15].
An exploration on the toxicity mechanisms of phytotoxins and their potential utilities
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Huiling Chen, Harpreet Singh, Neha Bhardwaj, Sanjeev K. Bhardwaj, Madhu Khatri, Ki-Hyun Kim, Wanxi Peng
Amino acids that encode for proteins play a principal role in the biochemical machinery and metabolism of almost all organisms. However, many non-proteinaceous compounds possess the same native structure as amino acids, with carbon attached to a –COOH group, a H atom, a NH2 group, and different side chains (R group). Therefore, non-protein amino acids (NPAAs) have chemical properties, charges, shapes, and weights similar to those of protein-encoding amino acids, even though they are not involved in the primary metabolism of the organism (Bell, 2003; Felicioli et al., 2018). NPAAs are produced as secondary metabolites by various plants, including legumes and seaweeds. They act by displacing an essential amino acid in the protein synthesis process to generate a defective polypeptide chain. Toxic NPAAs are effective defense proteins that can be released into soils to restrict the growth of nearby plants or microbes, as shown in Figure 3 (Rodgers et al., 2015).
Synthesis of glutamate intercalated Mg-Al layered double hydroxides: influence of stirring and aging time
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2021
Wei Wu, Liang Song, Yu-Chao Li, Fen Zhang, Rong-Chang Zeng, Shuo-Qi Li, Yu-Hong Zou
Amino acids, the basic components of proteins, are organic compounds that contain carboxyl and amino groups in their molecules. The intercalated amino acids can be slowly released under special circumstances, thereby improving the utilization of the inserted amino acids.[18,19] Stimpfling et al.[20] fabricated various amino acids interleave LDH structure layers to retard the corrosion of aluminum alloy substrate. Glutamic acid (Glu), a kind of amino acid, is biocompatible to the human body. Glu can be used as a drug to participate in the metabolism of proteins and sugars in the brain and promote the oxidation process. Glu combines with ammonia in the body to form nontoxic glutamine, which reduces blood ammonia and detoxifies the brain.[21] Cen et al.[18] examined the influence of pH value of the washing solution, aging time and the molar ratio of Zn/Al/Glu on the property of Glu/LDH which was prepared by the hydrothermal methods. If Glu ions can be immobilized into the interlayer region by co-precipitation method, a big improvement of bioavailability and crystallinity can be expected. The Glu/LDH can be used to protect the implant material from corrosion.
Extraction, anti-tyrosinase, and antioxidant activities of the collagen hydrolysate derived from Rhopilema hispidum
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Noor Atikah Ab Aziz, Norazlinaliza Salim, Mohammad Zarei, Nazamid Saari, Fatimah Md. Yusoff
The result also showed the presence of different classes of amino acids, ranging from essential amino acids, conditionally essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids. Essential amino acids are made up of His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Val, and Trp, whereas, conditionally essential amino acids consist of Arg, Cys, Tyr, Gly, Pro, and Ser. Non-essential acids are made up of Ala, Glu, and Asp. This study showed that CH consists of 25.796% of essential amino acids, 45.031% conditionally essential amino acids and 23.330% non-essential amino acids. This finding was almost similar reported by a previous study which explained that all jellyfish consists of around 33% of essential amino acids, 46% of conditionally essential amino acids, and 21% non-essential amino acids.[3]