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Arsenals of Pharmacotherapeutically Active Proteins and Peptides: Old Wine in a New Bottle
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Swati Gokul Talele, Tatiana G. Volova, A. K. Haghi, Biologically Active Natural Products, 2020
Based on dietary needs, the amino acids are classified into three groups: Essential Amino Acids: The amino acids which cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be supplemented through diet are referred to as essential amino acids. For example, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, tryptophan, threonine, valine, lysine, and phenylalanine.Non‑Essential Amino Acids: The amino acids which can be synthesized by the human body and need not be supplemented by the diet are referred to as non-essential amino acids. For example, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and asparagine.Conditional Amino Acids: The amino acids which are required during the time of illness and stress but not usually essential are referred to as conditional amino acids. For example, arginine, cysteine, glutamine, tyrosine, glycine, proline, and serine [15].
Recent Advances in Artificial Cells With Emphasis on Biotechnological and Medical Approaches Based on Microencapsulation
Published in Max Donbrow, Microcapsules and Nanoparticles in Medicine and Pharmacy, 2020
The above basic research led to the preparation of a complex enzyme system able to convert urea or ammonia into amino acids like glutamic acid and alanine.39 However, these are amino acids that the body can produce itself. The next logical step was to study complex enzyme systems able to transform urea and ammonia into essential amino acids. Essential amino acids are needed by the body which cannot produce them. Artificial cells are prepared to contain a special complex enzyme system with cofactor recycling. They can produce essential amino acids like leucine, isoleucine, and valine from urea and ammonia.40,41 This has potential in a number of conditions. Thus, in end-stage kidney failure, urea can be changed into essential amino acids that improve the nutritional status of the patients. In liver failure, one accepted treatment is to remove ammonia and infuse leucine, isoleucine, and valine. By use of artificial cells the ammonia can be transformed directly into these three amino acids. Furthermore, there is potential in space travel since during the long-term voyage, urea excreted in urine could be converted into essential amino acids. This would potentially cut down the amount of protein required for the voyage.
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
Published in Michael B. Smith, A Q&A Approach to Organic Chemistry, 2020
The essential amino acids must be taken in by food since they cannot be made by the human body. The nine essential amino acids are: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. What are non-essential amino acids?
Extraction, anti-tyrosinase, and antioxidant activities of the collagen hydrolysate derived from Rhopilema hispidum
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Noor Atikah Ab Aziz, Norazlinaliza Salim, Mohammad Zarei, Nazamid Saari, Fatimah Md. Yusoff
The result also showed the presence of different classes of amino acids, ranging from essential amino acids, conditionally essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids. Essential amino acids are made up of His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Val, and Trp, whereas, conditionally essential amino acids consist of Arg, Cys, Tyr, Gly, Pro, and Ser. Non-essential acids are made up of Ala, Glu, and Asp. This study showed that CH consists of 25.796% of essential amino acids, 45.031% conditionally essential amino acids and 23.330% non-essential amino acids. This finding was almost similar reported by a previous study which explained that all jellyfish consists of around 33% of essential amino acids, 46% of conditionally essential amino acids, and 21% non-essential amino acids.[3]