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Dairy By-Products as Source of High Added Value Compounds
Published in Francisco J. Barba, Elena Roselló-Soto, Mladen Brnčić, Jose M. Lorenzo, Green Extraction and Valorization of By-Products from Food Processing, 2019
Noemí Echegaray, Juan A. Centeno, Javier Carballo
Alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-LA) is quantitatively the second protein in whey, accounting for 20–25% of the total whey proteins. Alpha-lactalbumin is a Ca-binding protein having the ability to bind metal cations (Permyakov and Berliner 2000) and may facilitate the absorption of essential minerals (Stănciuc and Râpeanu 2010). From the nutritional point of view, it is a unique protein, being rich in essential amino acids, mainly tryptophan. Tryptophan is the precursor in the synthesis of serotonin (a neurotransmitter implicated in the control of the appetite and sleep and that improves the mood, cognitive performance, and the control of stress) and melatonin (a hormone involved in the regulation of the sleep–wake cycle). Relative recent studies show that some folding variants of alpha-LA have bactericidal activity (López Expósito and Recio 2006) and some others cause apoptosis of tumor cells (Gustafsson et al. 2005).
Psychopharmacology in Aviation
Published in Carrie H. Kennedy, Gary G. Kay, Aeromedical Psychology, 2013
Bradford C. Ashley, Gary G. Kay
One of the more popular alternative medicine treatments is melatonin, a natural substance produced in the pineal gland that can be very helpful in regulating circadian rhythms (Dillie 1996). Melatonin has been studied quite extensively and has been shown to produce a variety of different beneficial CNS effects in addition to sleep regulation (Carpentieri et al. 2012). However, it should be treated as any other psychoactive substance by pilots and only used under the strict guidance of an aviation medical specialist when allowed by aeromedical regulations. A once common nutraceutical, L-tryptophan, was also shown to be useful in promoting sleep onset and for use as an antidepressant. Prior to 1989, l-tryptophan had become a popular OTC nutritional supplement. However, its popularity disappeared following an outbreak of what was believed to be l-tryptophan-related eosinophilia myalgia syndrome in 1989 which caused 1,500 cases of permanent disability and at least 37 deaths. Another dietary supplement, Vitamin D, has shown some promise in helping those who have low vitamin D levels who also suffer from depression (Hoang et al. 2011).
Arsenals of Pharmacotherapeutically Active Proteins and Peptides: Old Wine in a New Bottle
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Swati Gokul Talele, Tatiana G. Volova, A. K. Haghi, Biologically Active Natural Products, 2020
Tryptophan is precursor of amino acid for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). Serotonin is responsible for appetitive, emotional, motor, cognitive, and autonomic behaviors. Serotonin is also involved in the neuroendocrine function and circadian clock rhythm. It also functions as precursor of melatonin, which possess sedative and hypnotic properties [31, 32]. Tryptophan is also involved synthesis of molecules like niacin, tryptamine, and kynurenine. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are tyrosine derivatives. These tyrosine derivatives are neurotransmitters mediating various function of the nervous system [33]. The structures of various amino acid derivatives are shown in Figure 2.16.
Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of fruits and by-products from Mauritia flexuosa, an exotic plant with functional benefits#
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Vivianne Rodrigues Amorim, Débora Caroline do Nascimento Rodrigues, Jurandy do Nascimento Silva, Carla Lorena Silva Ramos, Lívia Maria Nunes Almeida, Antonia Amanda Cardoso Almeida, Flaviano Ribeiro Pinheiro-Neto, Fernanda Regina Castro Almeida, Marcia Santos Rizzo, Joilane Alves Pereira-Freire, Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira
Serotonin is a monoamine multifaceted molecule produced from L-tryptophan by gastrointestinal cells, central nervous system, platelets and mast cells. It possesses physiological histamine-like properties, producing vasodilation, and stimulation of synthesis of cytokines and chemokines and neutrophil recruitment (Sepiashvili, Balmasova, and Staurina 2013; Shajib and Khan 2014).