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Screening and Pharmacological Management of Neuropathic Pain
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
Manu Sharma, Ranju Soni, Kakarla Raghava Reddy, Veera Sadhu, Raghavendra V. Kulkarni
Neuromodulation is a normal physiological process regulating the functioning of diverse populations of neurons. Neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, and nor-epinephrine are neuromodulators. They exhibit a modulatory effect on target areas such as decorrelation of spiking, an increase of firing rate, sharpening of spatial tuning curves, and maintenance of increased spiking during working memory. A neuromodulator that is not re-absorbed by pre-synaptic neurons or metabolized can spend a remarkable duration in cerebrospinal fluid and modulate the activity of other neurons like serotonin ad acetylcholine.
Common Sense Emergency Response
Published in Robert A. Burke, Common Sense Emergency Response, 2020
Neurotransmitters are chemical substances released by a nerve impulse at the nerve ending. When released, they travel to the organ that the nerve stimulates. Once it arrives at the organ, the neurotransmitter combines with the receptor site the organ to affect the organ. For example, to move a muscle anywhere in your body, an electrical impulse originates in the brain and travels down appropriate nerves to the nerve ending near that muscle. The electrical impulse does not go to the muscle but causes the release of a neurotransmitter, which then travels across the very tiny gap between the nerve ending and the muscle to stimulate the muscle. The muscle reacts to this stimulation by moving. The neurotransmitter is then destroyed to prevent the stimulation of the muscle again.
Brain Motor Centers and Pathways
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The basal ganglia have been implicated in a wide range of functions, as evidenced by the distribution of the inputs they receive. Practically all areas of the cerebral cortex project essentially topographically to the dorsal striatum, thence to other nuclei, and back through the feedback loops via the thalamus to the same cortical areas of origin of the given input to the basal ganglia. The dorsal striatum also receives: (i) feedback input from thalamic nuclei, (ii) dopaminergic input from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain, which is believed to be part of the “reward” system in the brain, and (iii) serotonergic input from the raphe nuclei, which are a group of nuclei in the brainstem that are a major source of serotonin to the rest of the brain. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that influences many brain functions, including mood, behavior, sleep, memory, and learning.
Theoretical spectroscopic signature of synephrine using DFT and the effect of hydrogen removal
Published in Phase Transitions, 2022
N. P. Yadav, A. K. Vishwkarma, K. Kumar, A. Vats, A. Pathak, R. Kumar, V. Mukerjee, S. Moharana, T. Yadav, C. Mahapatra, S. Srivastava
Neurotransmitters are important biomolecules because these act as chemical messengers between two nerve cells. The spectroscopic investigation of neurotransmitters can provide a better understanding of their mechanism. Synephrine is a protoalkaloid found in some plants and animals [1]. Synephrine is used in thermogenic supplements for weight loss. Synephrine concentration in a few supplements containing bitter orange often differs significantly from that stated on the label. Many thermogenic supplements contain the alkaloid synephrine to promote their human body effects [2]. Synephrine can be synthesized in the human body in the same pathway which involved in the synthesis of catecholamines. However, it is considered a trace amine due to its low concentration [1]. It activates β-3 adrenergic receptors and thereby reduces food intake, induces lipolysis, and elevates the metabolic rate [3]. It has no hazardous effects at commonly employed doses designed to promote thermogenesis [2].
Docking assisted DNA-binding, biological screening, and nuclease activity of copper complexes derived from sulfonamides
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2021
Arusa Akhtar, Muhammad Danish, Awais Asif, Muhammad Nadeem Arshad, Abdullah M. Asiri
Enzymes are naturally occurring biomolecules that act as a catalyst to regulate the metabolic activity in the living system and any disorder in these activities causes serious diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, joints associated diseases, tumor growth, and lung diseases. The enzymes AChE and BChE metabolically deteriorate the acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that activates muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. So, AChE inhibitors are administered to increase the level of acetylcholine that reduces the chances of Alzheimer’s disease [45, 70, 71]. It has been reported in several studies that oxidative stress is among the main early causes of age-related neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease [38, 72]. Due to good antioxidant activities of these copper complexes, the enzyme inhibition activity was checked against two enzymes. The results showed that all complexes showed good inhibition potential in the order 1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5 > 6 against both AChE and BChE (Table 5).
A bulk-driven, buffer-biased, gain-boosted amplifier for biomedical signal enhancement
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2019
Sarin Vijay Mythry, D. Jackuline Moni
Human body has an intricate network which is spread across the body and is controlled by the centers in the Brain and the Spinal cord. It is this nerve network which conveys the action commands from the control centers and in return gathers feedback information from various parts of the body via electro-chemical mechanisms. The unit of this elaborate nerve network is called a neuron. Neuron is a cell which has a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. Neurological and psychiatric disorders might be due to changes in inter-neuron information transfer and changes in the excitability of the neurons. Epilepsy is an example of a disease due to abnormal neuronal excitability. The information is transferred between neurons in the form of electrical signal which result from the flow of chemical ions across the cell membrane through ion channels. There are broadly two types of ion channels; they are leakage channels and voltage-gated channels. The leakage channels are open at rest and influence the cellular resting membrane potential. Voltage-gated channels on the other sideopen and close rapidly creating rapid signals called action potentials. These action potentials are generated near cell body and are transmitted along the axon till the nerve terminal without much decrement due to myelination of axon. At the nerve terminal, the action potential-induced depolarization opens voltage-gated calcium channels, which release chemicals called neuro-transmitters outside the neuron. When the neurotransmitter binds to another neuron it alters its excitability and thereby transferring the information, which is further propagated till its intended end site.