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Deep Eutectic Solvent–Assisted Synthesis of Bismuth-Based Heterostructured Photocatalysts for Water Splitting and Wastewater Treatment
Published in A. Pandikumar, K. Jothivenkatachalam, S. Moscow, Heterojunction Photocatalytic Materials, 2022
Dhayanantha Prabu Jaihindh, Yi-Ru Chen, Yen-Pei Fu
DESs are inexpensive and environmentally friendly and have low toxicity. Choline chloride (ChCl) was widely used as an organic salt to prepare eutectic mixtures with cheap and safe HBDs, such as urea, thiourea, citric acid, and ethylene glycol [6, 7]. As compared to the traditional organic solvents, DESs are not considered volatile organic solvents. They are nonflammable and convenient to store. From the viewpoint of green chemistry, these DESs are even more important since some of the DESs have been proven to be biodegradable and compatible with enzymes, further increasing their interest. Additionally, the synthesis of DESs is 100% economical, easy to handle, and no purification is required, making their large-scale use feasible [8].
Biotransformations in Deep Eutectic Solvents
Published in Pedro Lozano, Sustainable Catalysis in Ionic Liquids, 2018
Vicente Gotor-Fernández, Caroline Emilie Paul
The asymmetric reduction of 2-octanone catalyzed by Acetobacter pasteurianus GIM1.158 cells was reported in a biphasic system with DESs and water-immiscible ILs in 10% v/v (Figure 7.36). A series of choline chloride-based DESs were used (Xu et al. 2016), with either urea, glycerol, ethylene glycol, oxalic acid, malonic acid, or imidazole as hydrogen bond donor. ChCl:EG exhibited good biocompatibility and could moderately increase the cell membrane permeability, thus leading to the best results. The addition of ChCl:EG increased the optimal substrate concentration from 40 mM to 60 mM and the ee of the alcohol product to >99%. Additionally, the cells manifested good operational stability in the reaction system. Thus, ChCl:EG (1:2) and alternatively an imidazole-based IL (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) were found as promising co-solvents for the efficient biocatalytic synthesis of (R)-2-octanol.
Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries
Published in Huamin Zhang, Huamin Zhang, Xianfeng Li, Jiujun Zhang, Redox Flow Batteries, 2017
Copper, iron, and zinc chloro complexes are mainly based on a deep eutectic solvent of choline chloride and ethylene glycol [39–43]. This system has metals in very high concentration but slow mass transport and low electrolyte conductivity. Moreover, the OCP in this all-copper system is estimated to be 0.75 V. In an all-iron system, it is around 1.1 V, which is not higher than that of iron reactions in aqueous systems. In the Zn-Fe system, an enhanced energy efficiency (EE) of 78% can be obtained at a current density of 0.5 mAcm−2. Subsequently, the electrolyte for this system was optimized. The 2:0:4 (iron chloride : choline chloride : ethylene glycol) electrolyte contained 6.3 M iron, and the 1:1:4 one showed a conductivity of 12.7 mScm–2 and a low viscosity of 17.8 cP (80°C).
Development of choline biosensor using toluidine blue O as mediator
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2020
Rüya Baskin, Elif (Aynaci) Koyuncu, Halit Arslan, Fatma Arslan
Beef, lamb and chicken liver, meat, eggs, spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, green beans, and human breast milk contain high amounts of choline. This substance is a component of biological fluids such as blood and amniotic fluid. In human plasma, fasting choline concentration was reported to be in the interval of 7–20 μM or 10 μM on average.[6]